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Real Estate Dictionary

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A HORIZON
Surface horizon (layer) of soil, the composition of which is effected by water which percolates through it.
A-FRAME
A type of construction usually found in resort areas. The exterior framing of the building is shaped like the letter A.
A.B.A. (AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION)
A national organization composed of member state and local bar associations, which control the licensing of attorneys.
A.I.R. (AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL REAL ESTATE ASSOCIATION)
A specialized association of real estate brokers and salespeople who deal primarily in industrial properties. The goal of the association is to further the knowledge and effectiveness of its members.
A.L.T.A. (AMERICAN LAND TITLE ASSOCIATION)
An organization, composed of title insurance companies, which has adopted certain insurance policy forms to standardize coverage on a national basis.
AAA TENANT
See: Prime Tenant
ABA NUMBER
Originated by the American Bankers Association, it is the number (usually in the upper right hand portion of the check) which identifies the bank upon which the check is drawn.
ABANDONMENT
The voluntary relinquishment of rights of ownership or another interest (such as an easement) by failure to use the property, coupled with an intent to abandon (give up the interest).
ABANDONMENT OF HOMESTEAD
A recorded document, executed by those claiming a homestead exemption, giving up said homestead. Not applicable to all states and procedure must be according to local statutes.
ABATEMENT
A reduction or decrease. Commonly used to describe a decrease of assessed valuation of property for ad valorem taxes. When used regarding wills, it refers to a reduction of gifts to one or more beneficiaries when the assets left in the will are insufficient to pay all creditors and beneficiaries. There is usually a different formula used for debts than for priorities of gifts. See also: Contribution.
ABC SOIL
Soil having distinct A (upper), B (middle), and C (lower) horizons (layers of soil).
ABSCISSA
The horizontal axis of a curve; the vertical axis being the ordinate. The terms are used in connection with charts and graphs.
ABSENTEE LANDLORD
A lessor of real property (usually the owner) that does not occupy all or a portion of the property.
ABSENTEE OWNER
An owner of property who does not occupy said property.
ABSORPTION
The filling of space, such as the rental of units or sale of a tract. The time or rate must be estimated and considered as part of the owner's (usually the builder) costs.
ABSTRACT
A summary; an abridgement. Before the use of photostatic copying, public records were kept by abstracts of recorded documents.
ABSTRACT CONTINUATION
See: Supplemental Abstract.
ABSTRACT EXTENSION
See: Supplemental Abstract.
ABSTRACT OF JUDGEMENT
A summary of the essential provisions of a court judgement, which when recorded in the county recorder's office, creates a lien upon the property of the defendant in that county, both presently owned or after acquired.
ABSTRACT OF TITLE
A compilation of the recorded documents relating to a parcel of land, from which an attorney may give an opinion as to the condition of title. Still in use in some states, but giving way to the use of title insurance.
ABSTRACTER'S CERTIFICATE
A certificate contained in an abstract which shows the time period and scope of the search of public records done by the abstracter.
ABSTRACTION
A method for appraising a site (land) by estimating the depreciated value of the improvements and deducting that amount from the total value (improved value) of the property. See: Allocation.
ABUT
To touch, border on, or be contiguous to.
ABUTMENTS
The vertical members (walls or heavy columns) which bear the load or pressure of the cross member, such as an arch, pier, or similar structure.
ABUTTING OWNER
One whose land is contiguous to (abuts) a public right of way.
ACCELERATED COST RECOVERY SYSTEM (ACRS)
A portion of the Economic Recovery Act of 1981 which allowed shorter depreciation of both real and personal property, did not distinguish between new and used property, and disregarded salvage value.
ACCELERATED DEPRECIATION
A general term including any method of depreciation greater than straight line depreciation (see which).
ACCELERATION
The immediate right to possession of a remainder interest upon the failure of a life estate.
ACCELERATION CLAUSE
Clause used in an installment note and mortgage (or deed of trust), which gives the lender the right to demand payment in full upon the happening of a certain event, such as failure to pay an installment by a certain date, change of ownership without the lender's consent, destruction of the property (see Waste), or other event which endangers the security of the loan. See also: Alienation Clause.
ACCEPTANCE
Voluntary agreement to an offer. (1) Real property acceptance must be unequivocal See: Mirror Image Rule. (2) Acceptance for goods, according to the Uniform Commercial Code, need not be unequivocal. Offer, acceptance, and consideration form a contact.
ACCESS RIGHT
A right to ingress and egress to and from one's property. May be express or implied.
ACCESSIBILITY
The location of a site in terms of how easily it may be reached by customers, employees, carriers, and others necessary to the intended use of the property.
ACCESSIBLE
A residential building of more than one unit that can be entered and used by people who are physically handicapped.
ACCESSION
The right of an owner to an increase in his property by natural means (such as a riparian owner's right to an abandoned river bed, rights of alluvion and reliction, etc.) or artificially, by improvements.
ACCESSORY BUILDINGS
Structures used for the benefit of a central or main building, such as a tool shed, garage, or similar structure.
ACCOMMODATED ROOM NIGHT DEMAND
The annual number of hotel (or motel) rooms occupied in a given market area.
ACCOMMODATION PARTY
Person who lends his name to help secure credit for another, by signing a note or other obligation without receiving consideration.
ACCOMMODATION RECORDING
The recording of documents with the county recorder by a title insurance company, without liability (no insurance) on the part of the company, but merely as a convenience to a customer.
ACCOMMODATOR
One who acts to facilitate an exchange under the rules of Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Service Code. The proper terminology is a Qualified Intermediary, but accommodator, facilitator or intermediary are the common terms used.
ACCORD
An agreement by which one accepts something different (usually less) from what is owed as full satisfaction. The amount owed may be in dispute or simply accepted as full satisfaction by the creditor or claimant. The agreement and acceptance is called "Accord and Satisfaction".
ACCORD AND SATISFACTION
The agreement (accord) and acceptance (satisfaction) by creditors of less than the full amount owing on a debt.
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
Money owing. The term is generally used in business rather than personal finances. Usually represents services or materials, such as wood, bricks, payment of subcontractors, etc., to a builder.
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
Money owed to a business for goods or services. Accounts receivable may be sold or borrowed against. Many times the sale of accounts receivable is for less than face value (discounted).
ACCREDITED LAND CONSULTANT
A designation conferred by the REALTORS Land Institute. See: REALTORS LAND INSTITUTE.
ACCRETION
The gradual addition to the shore or bank of a waterway. The land generally becomes the property of the owner of the shore or bank, except where statutes specify otherwise.
ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING
An accounting method under which income and expenses are charged to the periods for which they are applicable, rather than when payment is received or made. The method calling for income and expenses to be based on payment being received or made is cash accounting.
ACCRUE
To grow or mature.
ACCRUED DEPRECIATION
Accumulated depreciation. See: Depreciation.
ACCRUED INTEREST
Interest on a note, bond, etc. which has been earned but not yet paid. Since interest is usually paid in arrears, accrued interest does not necessarily indicate a delinquency in payment. See also: Accumulated Interest.
ACCRUED ITEMS
Expenses owing but not yet payable. An example is mortgage interest which is paid at the end of the month or property taxes which may be paid after the tax year begins. On a closing statement for a sale, the buyer would be credited with these amounts and would be responsible for their payment.
ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
See: Accrued Depreciation.
ACCUMULATED INTEREST
Unpaid interest which is past due. See also: Accrued Interest.
ACID SOIL
A soil with an acid rather than an alkaline base. This can determine its suitability for farming.
ACID TEST RATIO
A formula used by lending institutions to determine if a business can meet its current obligations. The formula adds cash plus receivables plus marketable securities and then divides by liabilities. A ratio of one to one is considered acceptable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A written declaration by a person executing an instrument, given before an officer authorized to give an oath (usually a notary public), stating that the execution is of his own volition.
ACM'S (ASBESTOS CONTAINING MATERIALS)
(See which)
ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS
Materials which absorb sound. Usually installed in walls and ceilings and composed of fiberglass, cork, special plaster, or similar materials.
ACOUSTICAL TILE
Tile which absorbs sound.
ACQUISITION AND IMPROVEMENT LOAN
A loan for the dual purpose of purchasing and improving or repairing property.
ACQUISITION APPRAISAL
An appraisal to determine market value of a property to be taken by eminent domain, in order to justly compensate the owner.
ACQUISITION COSTS
Costs of acquiring property other than purchase price: escrow fees, title insurance, lenders fees, etc.
ACRE
A measure, usually of land, equal to 160 sq. rods (43,560 sq. ft.) in any shape.
ACRE FOOT
A volume of water, sand, coal, etc., equal to an area of one acre with a depth of one foot (43,560 cubic ft.). If a liquid, 325,850 gallons.
ACRE-INCH
A cubic measure of one acre in area with a depth of one inch.
ACREAGE
Most commonly refers to vacant land, but may refer to any parcel which may be measured in acres. The term is also used to describe land which has not been subdivided.
ACREAGE CONTROL
Federal control setting the number of acres which may be planted with crops which have federal price supports.
ACT OF GOD
Damage caused by nature (floods, winds, etc.) rather than by people.
ACTION TO QUIET TITLE
Modernly used to describe any court action to establish ownership or remove a cloud on title. See also: Cloud on Titlel.
ACTIVE CAPITAL
Capital used on a regular basis for profit-making activities.
ACTUAL AGE
The chronological age of a structure as opposed to its effective or economic age.
ACTUAL CASH VALUE
See: Market Value.
ACTUAL EVICTION
The removal of an occupant or real property through legal action. See also: Constructive Eviction
ACTUAL NOTICE
Notice actually and expressly, or by implication, given and received. See also: Constructive Notice; Statutory Notice.
ACTUAL RECEIPT
Direct receipt of funds from the sale of a relinquished property in a 1031 exchange. The taxpayer will lose the tax free benefit if the funds are received rather than directly reinvested in the replacement property.
AD
By, for, relating to, concerning.
AD HOC
Latin meaning "for this". For a single purpose only.
AD LITUM
For the suit. Example: A guardian "Ad Litum" is one who is appointed to prosecute or defend a suit on behalf of a minor or one who is otherwise incapacitated.
AD VALOREM
"According to value". A method of taxation using the value of the thing taxed to determine the amount of tax. Taxes can be either "Ad Valorem" or "Specific". Example: A tax of $5.00 per $1000.00 of value per house is "Ad Valorem". A tax of $5.00 per house (irrespective of value) is "Specific".
ADD-ON INTEREST
A method of computing interest by adding the total interest for the life of the loan to the amount borrowed (principal) and then deducting the full amount of each payment as made. This method creates a higher yield than computing interest on the declining balance of principal.
ADDENDUM
Something added. A list or other material added to a document, letter, contractual agreement, escrow instructions, etc. See also: Amendment.
ADDITION
(1) A portion of a building added to the original structure. (2) A synonym for subdivision in certain legal descriptions.
ADDITIONAL DEPOSIT
A buyer of real property will generally give a small deposit with an offer, and a more substantial deposit after the offer has been accepted. The second deposit is the "additional deposit".
ADDITIONAL PRINCIPAL PAYMENT
A payment of principal above the required amount. Some loans limit the amount that a borrower may pay and impose a penalty for reducing the principal balance in too short a time.
ADJACENT
Close to. May or may not be contiguous (touching).
ADJOINING
Touching or contiguous to.
ADJUDICATION
A judgement or decision by a court.
ADJUSTABLE MORTGAGE LOANS (AML'S)
Mortgage loans under which the interest rate is periodically adjusted to more closely coincide with current rates. The amounts and times of adjustment are agreed to at the inception of the loan. Also called: Adjustable Rate Loans, Adjustable Rate Mortgages (ARM's), Flexible Rate Loans, Variable Rate Loans. See also: Indexing, Rate Index.
ADJUSTABLE RATE LOANS
See: Adjustable Mortgage Loans.
ADJUSTABLE RATE MORTGAGE (ARM)
See: Adjustable Mortgage Loan's (ARL'S).
ADJUSTED BASIS
See: Book Value.
ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME
Total income of property if fully rented, less an adjustment for estimated vacancies and uncollectible rent.
ADJUSTED MORTGAGE
A mortgage released after a company has undergone reorganization.
ADJUSTED SALE PRICE
An appraisal term used when a comparable property's sale price is adjusted to reflect the value of the subject property. The adjustment is made based on the differences between the subject property and comparable property in time of sale, terms of sale, location, and physical characteristics.
ADJUSTMENT DATE
The date for changing the interest on an Adjust-able Rate Mortgage.
ADJUSTMENT PERIOD
The time between adjustment dates for an adjustable rate mortgage. If the rate adjusted monthly, for example, one month would be the adjustment period.
ADJUSTMENTS
See: Proration.
ADMINISTRATOR
A person given authority by a proper court to manage and distribute the estate of a deceased person when there is no will. See also: Administrator C.T.A..
ADMINISTRATOR C.T.A.
Administrator when there is a will but no executor is named or the executor named is unable or unwilling to serve. The C.T.A. stands for Cum Testamento Annexo (with the will attached).
ADMINISTRATOR'S DEED
A conveyancing instrument used by an Administrator to transfer property from an estate. See: Administrator.
ADMINISTRATRIX
Female administrator.
ADOBE CONSTRUCTION
A structure built of adobe blocks. Adobe blocks are made from adobe mud mixed with straw or a straw-like substance, and then baked. Considered a very good but expensive material.
ADR (THE CLASS LIFE ASSET DEPRECIATION RANGE SYSTEM)
A flexible set of guide lines for depreciation which sets up an "asset depreciation period", rather than using the "useful life" of an asset.
ADULT
A person old enough to vote and to make contracts. The age in most states is 18, except for contracts to purchase alcohol, for which all states classify an adult as a person over the age of 21.
ADVANCE FEE
A fee charged by a broker to a seller to cover all or a portion of the broker's costs of promoting the property. The fee is generally credited against commissions but is not refunded if no commissions are received. Most frequently used in connection with large offerings which require a substantial outlay of funds for promotion.
ADVANCE PAYMENTS
Payments made to a contractor before performance. Not the usual method and when made by HUD or GNMA, there must special approval. See also: Progress Payments; Provisional Payments.
ADVANCEMENTS
Gifts made prior to death to one who would inherit the property. The value of the gifts is deducted from the donee's (recipient's) inheritance upon the death of the donor.
ADVANCES
Money advanced by a lender (mortgagee or beneficiary under a deed of trust) to pay the borrower's (mortgagor's or trustor's) obligations of taxes, insurance, or other items necessary to protect the secured property. The amounts advanced are then added to the balance owing on the mortgage or trust deed.
ADVERSE LAND USE
A use which causes surrounding property to lose value, such as an industrial development in a residential area.
ADVERSE POSSESSION
A method of obtaining ownership rights by the open, notorious, exclusive, and hostile possession of private real property for a statutory period which varies from state to state (from 5 to 30 years). Some states have additional requirements, such as payment of property taxes by the adverse possessor. The true owner is then barred (statute of limitations) from asserting his/her rights. The adverse possessor has no evidence of title without court action.
ADVERTISING
Usually done by signs on the property and newspaper ads. Ads for the sale of real estate have modernly been required to conform to certain standards regarding disclosure of complete financing information if any financing information is contained in the ad.
AEOLIAN SOIL
Soil composed of materials deposited by the wind.
AERATION ZONE
The surface soil to a depth from which plants draw moisture.
AESTHETIC VALUE
The value of a property attributable to the beauty of the improvements or surroundings.
AFFIANT
One who makes an affidavit. Also called a deponent, although technically not the same.
AFFIDAVIT
A written statement or declaration, sworn to before an officer who has authority to administer an oath.
AFFIDAVIT OF ALIMONY AND CHILD SUPPORT
A sworn statement of a separated or divorced person showing the amount (if any) of alimony or child support.
AFFIDAVIT OF TITLE
An affidavit by a seller of real property that, as of a certain date, no defects of title exist except those which have been disclosed in the sales contract or deed.
AFFINITY
(1) Relationship not of the blood. Related by marriage. (2) Any group for a specific purpose is called an affinity group, such as clubs, people in the same school, etc.
AFFIRMATION
A substitution for an oath when a person objects to taking an oath (Quakers, atheists, etc.). A lie after an affirmation is still perjury.
AFFIRMATIVE EASEMENT
An easement described from the benefited estate (dominant tenement). Also called a parcel 2 easement. The same easement described from the burdened estate (servient tenement) would be a negative easement.
AFFORDABILITY ANALYSIS
A method to determine the right purchase price and mortgage for a potential home buyer. The price of the home and its future expense, cost to obtain the loan and its future expense, as well as buyers income, expenses and assets are used to determine the financial feasibility of the purchase.
AFFORESTATION
The growing of a forest where none previously existed, as opposed to reforestation (the replanting of a harvested or destroyed forest).
AFTER ACQUIRED PROPERTY
As applied to a judgement lien, it means that the lien will attach to property of the debtor acquired after the judgement. See also: After Acquired Title.
AFTER ACQUIRED TITLE
Legal doctrine by which property automatically vests in a grantee when the grantor acquires title to the property after the deed has been executed and delivered.
AGE-LIFE METHOD OF DEPRECIATION
Estimating depreciation by using the ratio of the effective age of improvements to the Economic Life (Economic Age-Life Method) or Physical Life (Physical Age-Life Method).
AGENCY
Any relationship in which one party (agent) acts for or represents another (principal) under the authority of the latter. Agency involving real property should be in writing, such as listings, trusts, powers of attorney, etc.
AGENCY AGREEMENT (AGENCY LISTING)
In some states, the term describing a listing under which the broker's commission is protected against a sale by other agents but not by a sale by the principal. Called a "non-exclusive" listing in some states.
AGENCY BY ESTOPPEL
An agency created by operation of law when one who is not an agent acts as an agent or an agent oversteps his/her authority, but action (or failure to act) by the principal leads one to believe that the authority exists. See also: Apparent Authority; Ostensible Agency.
AGENCY COUPLED WITH INTEREST
A contractual relationship with consideration going from agent to principal; the agency is given as return consideration. Example: A broker agrees to work to obtain property for a builder in return for a listing after the builder has completed the project. The broker would be entitled to (have an interest in) the listing (agency), provided the broker did obtain the property for the builder.
AGENT
One who is authorized to act for or represent another (principal), usually in business matters. Authority may be express or implied.
AGRARIAN
Relating to land, or to a division or distribution of land.
AGREEMENT
A general term usually describing a common view of two or more people regarding the rights and obligations of each with regard to a given subject. Not necessarily a contract, although all contracts are agreements.
AGREEMENT FOR DEED
See: Land Contract.
AGREEMENT OF SALE
Has two separate meanings, depending on area of the country. In some states it is synonymous with a purchase agreement (See: Purchase Agreement). In other states, it is synonymous with a land contract. See: Land Contract.
AGRICULTURAL LIEN
A lien against crops (only), to secure money or payment for materials used to grow the crop.
AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY
(1) Land which is zoned agricultural, (2) Land used for growing of agricultural products or raising of livestock.
AIR LOT
Any bounded air space which has been legally subdivided into a lot, such as a condominium.
AIR RIGHTS
The right to the use of the air space above property without the right to use the surface of the property. However, air rights may restrict surface rights, especially height of improvements.
ALC
See: Accredited Land Consultant.
ALCOVE
A recessed part or addition to a room.
ALIAS
Latin for "otherwise". Commonly meaning that a person is known by more than one name. In some states, indicated by the letters AKA (also known as).
ALIENATION
Transfer of property from one owner to another.
ALIENATION CLAUSE
A type of acceleration clause, calling for a debt under a mortgage or deed of trust to be due in its entirety upon transfer of ownership of the secured property. Also called a "due-on-sale" clause.
ALKALI
The chemical opposite of acid. Heavy concentrations of alkaline salts in soil may damage crops.
ALKALINE SOIL
Soil which has an alkali, rather than an acid base.
ALL-INCLUSIVE DEED OF TRUST
See: Wrap-Around Mortgage.
ALLEGATION
The assertion or statement of a party to an action, setting forth that which the party expects to prove.
ALLEY
A narrow right of way, either public or private, used for access (usually to garages, loading platforms, etc.).
ALLEY INFLUENCE
In appraising, the effect upon value of a property, because of an adjoining side or rear alley.
ALLOCATION
A method for appraising a site (land) by comparing other site values as a percentage of total value. Example: An area has a typical land value of 35% of the total value of a site (including improvements). Property X has a total (improved) value of $100,000. The land is worth $35,000. The term is often (and incorrectly) used synonymously with abstraction See: Abstraction.
ALLODIAL SYSTEM
See: Allodium.
ALLODIAL TENURE
See: Allodium.
ALLODIUM
Land owned by individuals, as opposed to the feudal system of ownership of all land by a king or ruler.
ALLOTMENT
A small parcel of land, sold or given to a farm worker for cultivation as a supplementary source of income. Popular in the 1900's before World War II.
ALLUVION (ALLUVIUM, ALLUVIAL)
Deposits formed by accretion.
ALTERATIONS
Changes in the interior or exterior of a building, but without changing the exterior dimensions.
AMELIORATING WASTE
See: Waste.
AMENDMENT
A change, either to correct an error or to alter a part of an agreement without changing the principal idea or essence.
AMENITIES
Those things which enhance the enjoyment (and therefore the value) of real estate but are not necessary for its intended use. Examples: a scenic view, swimming pool, etc.
AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION
A national organization formed in 1875 as a professional association for banks and other financial institutions.
AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION NUMBER
See: ABA Number.
AMERICAN BOND
A process in bricklaying by which every 5th, 6th, or 7th layer of bricks is laid with the wide length facing the wall; the other layers have the narrow length facing the wall.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF BANKING
The educational arm of the American Bankers Association.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
Former name for ASTM. (See which).
AMORTIZATION
Payment of a debt in equal periodic installments of principal and interest. See also: Balloon Note; Straight Note; Negative Amortization.
AMORTIZATION SCHEDULE
A schedule showing each payment of a loan to be amortized (see Amortization) and breaking down the payment into the amount applied to principal and the amount applied to interest.
AMORTIZATION TERM
The time required to pay off a mortgage if no additional principal payments are made and all payments are made on schedule. A ten year loan, for example, would have an amortization term of 120 months (ten years).
AMORTIZE
To reduce a debt by regular payments of principal and interest. Modernly, the word has been qualified as fully amortized, partially amortized, and negatively amortized. See: Balloon Note; Straight Note; Negative Amortization.
AMORTIZED LOAN
A loan repaid in periodic (most commonly monthly) payments of principal and interest. See also: Amortize, Interest Extra Note, Interest Included Note.
AMPERE
A measure of electrical current equal to the current produced by the force of one volt through a resistance of one ohm. See also: Coulomb.
ANCESTOR
May denote lineal descent, such as a parent or grand parent, or collaterals, such as an older brother being the ancestor of a younger brother. May also mean one from whom a person inherits. Differs from predecessor in that an ancestor must be a person.
ANCHOR BOLTS
A bolt set (anchored) in concrete or other masonry foundation and then attached to the superstructure to prevent movement (anchor it).
ANCHOR TENANT
The most reliable, and usually the largest, tenant in a shopping center. The strength of the anchor tenant greatly affects the availability of financing for the shopping center. The term may also be used to describe a tenant in an office building, industrial park, etc.
ANCILLARY
Subordinate, aiding.
ANNEX
To add or attach. Usually to join a smaller or subordinate thing to a larger or more dominant thing.
ANNEXATION
Permanently affixing to real property, such as a city adding additional land to increase its size.
ANNUAL
By the year.
ANNUAL DEBT CONSTANT
See: Loan Constant.
ANNUAL DEBT SERVICE
Yearly amount of principal and interest payments of debt service. See: Debt Service.
ANNUAL MORTGAGE STATEMENT
The yearly statement sent to a borrower showing the remaining loan balance and the interest paid over the year. Used primarily for income tax purposes.
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE (A.P.R.)
The yearly interest percentage of a loan, as expressed by the actual rate of interest paid. For example: 6% add-on interest would be more than 6% simple interest, even though both would say 6%. The A.P.R. is disclosed as a requirement of federal truth in lending statutes.
ANNUITY
(1) A payment of money yearly for life or a given period of years. (2) A fixed amount given or left by will, paid periodically, not necessarily yearly.
ANNUITY METHOD
Appraisal method for determining present value by future anticipated net income before depreciation, which is then discounted.
ANNUM
Year.
ANTE
Prefix meaning before.
ANTENUPTIAL AGREEMENT
An agreement made by a man and woman in contemplation of marriage, setting forth the property rights of each during the marriage, and in the event of divorce or death.
ANTICIPATION
Appraisal method using the principle that value is created by anticipated future benefits.
ANTICIPATORY BREACH
One party to a contract informing the other of his or her intent not to perform before performance is due. A legal action may be brought even though the original contract (not yet due for performance) has not been breached. Example: The buyer informs the seller before the closing date of his or her intent not to buy.
ANTITRUST LAWS
Laws enacted to promote free competition by prohibiting agreements to limit competition. In real property businesses, for example, setting a "standard" commission for all brokers to charge would be a violation.
APARTMENT
One or more rooms of a building used as a place to live, in a building containing at least one other unit used for the same purpose. Usually has, at least, cooking facilities, a bathroom, and a place to sleep. Those who live in these units pay rent for their use, usually on a monthly basis.
APARTMENT HOTEL
A building combining the features of an apartment building and a hotel. The units are furnished and may offer hotel facilities such as maid service, a restaurant, etc., but whose residents may stay for months or years, paying on a weekly or monthly basis.
APARTMENT HOUSE
A building containing two or more separate residential units, which is under one ownership. The residents of the units pay rent.
APPARENT AUTHORITY
Action (or failure to act) by a principal which leads one to believe that an agent of said principal has authority which in fact the agent does not have.
APPEL LOAN (ACCELERATING PAYOFF PROGRESSIVE EQUITY LOAN)
A residential property loan which calls for a payment increase over the first 6 years. Level payments are made for the remaining years and the loan paid off during the 15th year. There is no prepayment penalty and P.M.I. is required.
APPLICATION
The first step in the official loan approval process; the form records information about the potential borrower necessary to the underwriting process.
APPLICATION SCORING
Using a formula to evaluate credit applications and credit bureau data. See also: Fico Score; Scoring Model.
APPOINTMENTS
Furnishings (mostly thought of as decorative) and equipment in a building.
APPORTIONMENT
A proper allocation of income and expenses of property, especially after a division of ownership.
APPRAISAL
An opinion of value based upon a factual analysis. Legally, an estimation of value by two disinterested persons of suitable qualifications.
APPRAISAL FEE
The amount of money charged by an appraiser. There is no set amount since the work necessary varies with each property.
APPRAISAL INSTITUTE
A trade organization designed to establish standards of competency in the appraisal industry. The designations MAI (competent by the institute's standards to appraise all types of real property) and SRA (competent to appraise residential property) are prestigious and heavily relied upon by real estate agents, lenders, governments and others who utilize appraisers. The American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers and the Society of Real Estate Appraisers combined in 1991 to form the Appraisal Institute.
APPRAISAL METHODS
Generally, three major methods of appraisal: Cost Approach, Income Approach, Market Value (comparables) Approach.
APPRAISAL REPORT
A written report by an appraiser containing an opinion as to the value of a property and the reasoning leading to this opinion. The factual data supporting the opinion, such as comparables, appraisal formulas, and qualifications of the appraiser, will also be set forth.
APPRAISED VALUE
An opinion of the value of a property at a given time, based on facts regarding the location, improvements, etc., of the property and surroundings.
APPRAISER
One who is trained and educated in the methods of determining the value of property through analysis of various factors which determine said value.
APPRECIATION
An increase in value to real property due to positive changes or the elimination of negative elements in the surrounding area. Although not within the original meaning, the word has been incorrectly used so often that it is now acceptable to describe an increase in value for any reason, including inflation.
APPROPRIATION
The private taking and use of public property, such as water from a river or lake. Not to be confused with condemnation or expropriation.
APPROVED ATTORNEY
In states where attorneys examine the chain of title before title insurance is issued, the title company will approve certain attorneys as those whose opinion it will accept for the issuance of a title policy.
APPURTENANCE
Something belonging to something else, either attached or not, such as a barn to a house, or an easement to land. The appurtenance is part of the property and passes with it upon sale or other transfer.
APPURTENANT
Belonging to, accessory to, or incidental to.
APPURTENANT EASEMENT
See: Easement.
APR
See: Annual Percentage Rate.
APRON
Any structure resembling the shape of the apron worn as clothing, such as a protruding lower inside part of a window, the portion of a driveway which connects it to the street, the entrance to a loading dock, and similar structures.
AQUATIC RIGHTS
Individual rights to the use of the sea and rivers, for the purpose of fishing or navigation, and to the soil in the sea and rivers.
AQUEDUCT
A large pipe, conduit, or trench to bring water or carry it away.
ARABLE
Land capable of being cultivated for farming.
ARBITRAGE
The buying and selling of money or securities in different markets at a profit. For example: The value of 1 pound sterling is selling in New York for $2.00 and in London for $1.98. If one buys in London for dollars and sells in New York, there is a profit of $.02 per pound sterling. The term has come to be used with regard to the interest rate spread between wrap-around and underlying financing.
ARBITRARY MAP
A map drawn by a title company to be used in locating property in areas where legal descriptions are difficult and complex. Areas are arbitrarily subdivided usually by ownership at a given time, into lots which are numbered. Recorded documents are then posted to these arbitrary lots by the same "arb" number.
ARBITRATION CLAUSE
A clause in a lease calling for the decision of a third party (arbiter) regarding disputes over future rents based on negotiation. Also used in construction contracts, disputes between brokers, etc.
ARCADE
A seldom used term describing a series of colonnaded arches, covering a walkway with retail stores on one or both sides. A forerunner of the present shopping center.
ARCH
A concave curved span which may be over a doorway or an entire room or building, such as an arched ceiling or roof.
ARCH BIB ROOF
A roof used primarily in industrial buildings, and having the shape of an arch or crescent. It is supported by a bow-string truss which spreads the roof load evenly.
ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
Concrete poured into a form to produce a design, giving the affect of stone masonry.
ARCHITECTURE
The design and construction plans for a structure. Recently the design for landscaping has become known as landscape architecture.
ARCHITRAVE
The surrounding molding of a doorway or similar wall opening.
AREA
The surface (plane) space of land or a building. Also describes a neighborhood, or large land section (such as the Southern California area). The term may also indicate a use, such as a work area, living area, play area, etc.
AREA ZONING
Mainly residential zoning which regulates the ratio of improvements to land, setbacks, etc. Also called bulk zoning.
AREAWAY
An old term referring to a cellar or room under the sidewalk.
ARM (ADJUSTABLE RATE MORTGAGE)
See: Adjustable Mortgage Loans.
ARM'S LENGTH
Legal slang meaning that there existed no special relationship between the parties involved in any manner which would taint the result.
ARM'S LENGTH TRANSACTION
A transaction without collusion or duress between the parties involved.
ARPENT
French land measure of area used in parts of the South, approximately .84625 acre.
ARREARS
(1) Payment made after it is due is in arrears. (2) Interest is said to be paid in arrears since it is paid to the date of payment rather than in advance, as is rent. Example: A rental payment made July 1 pays the rent to August 1. An interest payment made July 1 pays the interest to July 1.
ARTERIAL HIGHWAY
Any major highway or thoroughfare.
ARTESIAN WELL
A well bored into a subterranean body of water, which, being under pressure, rises naturally to the surface without artificial pumping.
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
Documentation filed with the state which sets forth general information about a corporation. More specific rules of the corporation would be contained in the by-laws.
ARTIST'S CONCEPTION (RENDERING)
A drawing of a proposed real estate project. Not necessarily to scale and generally used to promote the sale of vacant land or the leasing of proposed buildings.
AS IS CONDITION
Premises accepted by a buyer or tenant in the condition existing at the time of the sale or lease, including all physical defects.
ASBESTOS
A fire and heat resistant material used in insulation, roofing, etc.
ASBESTOS CONTAINING MATERIALS
An environmental term referring to any material containing more than one percent asbestos.
ASHLAR (ASHLER)
A stone which is cut in squares and used both as a facing for masonry walls, and in foundations.
ASKING PRICE
The price at which the seller is offering property for sale. The eventual selling price may be less after negotiation with a buyer.
ASPECT
A position or direction. Exposure.
ASSEMBLAGE
The acquisition of contiguous properties into one ownership for a specific use.
ASSEMBLAGE COST
The cost above the value of individual properties because of assemblage rather than periodic individual sales.
ASSESS
To fix a value; to appraise. Most commonly used in connection with taxes.
ASSESSED VALUE
Value place upon property for property tax purposes by the tax assessor.
ASSESSMENT
(1) The estimating of value of property for tax purposes. (2) A levy against property in addition to general taxes. Usually for improvements such as streets, sewers, etc.
ASSESSMENT BASE
The total assessed value of all property in a given assessment (tax) district.
ASSESSMENT DISTRICT
An area, the boundaries of which are set for tax assessment purposes only; these boundaries may cross city boundaries.
ASSESSMENT PERIOD
Taxable period. The period during which the tax assessment must be completed.
ASSESSMENT RATIO
The assessed value of a property expressed as a fraction in comparison to market value.
ASSESSMENT ROLL
The list of taxable persons and property in a given area as compiled by the assessor.
ASSESSOR
One who estimates value of property for tax purposes.
ASSETS
Everything owned by a person or corporation which can be used for the payment of debts.
ASSIGN
To transfer property, or an interest in property.
ASSIGNEE
One who receives an assignment (pl. assigns).
ASSIGNMENT
A transfer to another of any property, real or personal, or of any rights or estates in said property. Common assignments are of leases, mortgages, deed of trust, but the general term encompasses all transfers of title.
ASSIGNMENT OF LEASE
The transfer by a lessee to a third party of the exact interest of said lessee. Differs and should not be confused with sublease (see which). A lease may legally contain certain restrictions of assignments and/or subleasing.
ASSIGNOR
One who makes an assignment.
ASSUMABLE MORTGAGE
A mortgage that allows the obligation of the borrower to be transferred to the buyer of the borrower's property secured by the mortgage. If the loan is truly assumable and the transfer is done properly, the originally borrower is relieved of further obligation. See also: "Subject To" Clause; Alienation Clause.
ASSUMPTION CLAUSE
The part (clause) of an assumable mortgage making it assumable. See: Assumable mortgage.
ASSUMPTION FEE
Lender's charge for paperwork involved in processing records for a new buyer assuming an existing loan.
ASSUMPTION OF DEED OF TRUST
See: Assumption of Mortgage.
ASSUMPTION OF MORTGAGE
Agreement by a buyer to assume the liability under an existing note secured by a mortgage or deed or trust. The lender usually must approve the new debtor in order to release the existing debtor (usually the seller) from liability.
ASTM (AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS)
An organization which helps establish environmental standards in products and property.
ATELIER
A craftsman's workshop or artist's studio.
ATRIUM
An interior court, centrally located in a structure, which is either uncovered or covered with a transparent or translucent material to admit light.
ATTACHMENT
An act of seizing persons or property by judicial order to bring them within the custody of the court. Most commonly the seizure of property to furnish security for a debt in connection with a pending action.
ATTEST
To witness, to affirm to be true or genuine; to certify.
ATTESTATION CLAUSE
The clause in a document (deed, mortgage, etc.) in which the witnesses certify that the document has been properly executed.
ATTIC
The space under the roof of a structure but before the top story. May be simply an air space or improved and used.
ATTORN
To turn over; to transfer to another. To agree to recognize a new owner of a property and pay rent to him. See also: Letter of Attornment.
ATTORNEY AT LAW
An advocate, counsel, or official agent employed in preparing, managing, and trying cases in court. Must be licensed by the state.
ATTORNEY'S OPINION OF TITLE
A statement placed in an abstract of title giving the opinion of the condition of title by an attorney who has examined the abstract. The attorney may be personally liable for mistakes he or she has made. Most abstract examination has modernly been replaced by title insurance.
ATTORNEY-IN-FACT
One who is appointed to act (as agent) for another (principal) under a power of attorney. The scope of the agent's authority is limited to that given by the power of attorney, which may be limited to one specific act or may be broader. See also: Power of Attorney.
ATTORNMENT AGREEMENT
See: Letter of Attornment.
ATTRACTIVE NUISANCE
Anything on a property which may attract small children and is dangerous to them. Reasonable care must be used to prevent injury to children.
AUCTION
A public sale of land or goods to the highest bidder.
AUTOMATIC EXTENSION
A clause in a document such as a lease or listing agreement stating that the terms are extended beyond the expiration date unless cancelled by one of the parties. The clause is usually required to be in large or bold type and, with regard to listings, is not enforceable in some states.
AUTOMATIC LENDER
A lender that may process a loan or assumption without submitting the credit package to the insurer or guarantor for underwriting review. Limited to lenders that are regulated and examined by a government agency unless specifically approved by the insurer or guarantor.
AUXILIARY LANE
A paved shoulder of a highway, usually designed for emergency stopping.
AVENUE
Originally, a broad passageway bordered by trees. Now synonymous with street or road, and of no special significance.
AVERAGE DAILY BALANCE
The sum of the daily balances in a bank account over a monthly period divided by the number of days in a month.
AVERAGE DAILY COLLECTED BALANCE
The average daily balance (see which) less the float (uncollected funds).
AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC
The number of vehicles passing a given point in one day. Usually obtained by finding the number for several days and averaging.
AVIGATION EASEMENT
An easement over private property abutting an airport runway, which limits the height of crops, trees, structures, etc., in the aircraft's take off and landing path.
AVULSION
A sudden and substantial tearing away of land by water and the deposit of said land as an addition to the land of another owner. The original boundaries apply and ownership of the land in questions remains in the original owner.
AWARD
In condemnation, the amount paid for the property taken.
AWNING
Canvas, metal or other material, which protrudes out over a window or doorway to provide protection from the sun, rain, etc.
AWNING WINDOW
A window which, being hinged at the top, forms an awning when open.
AZIMUTH
Distance in degrees from North to an object, or, in the Southern hemisphere, from South to an object. A surveying term.
AZONAL SOIL
Soil which does not contain distinct horizons (layers).
B HORIZON
The horizon (layer of soil) beneath the top layer. The composition of the B horizon is changed by the action of percolating water.
B.T.U.
See: British Thermal Unit.
BACK POINTS
Points paid to a mortgage broker by a lender which exceed the points paid by the borrower.
BACK TITLE LETTER
In states where attorneys examine title for title insurance purposes, this letter is given by a title insurance company to an attorney, giving to said attorney the condition of title as of a certain date. The attorney then begins his examination as of that date. Also called a starter or back title certificate. See also: Starter.
BACKFILL
To replace ground removed by excavation for construction. Used to brace a structure (especially a foundation or footings).
BACKUP OFFER
A secondary offer to buy property, used in case the first (primary) offer fails. A backup offer is especially useful when the primary offer contains difficult contingencies.
BACKWATER
Water in a stream or river which, because of a dam or other obstruction, is stopped in its course or flows back toward its source.
BACKWATER VALVE
A valve set in a lateral sewer line which automatically prevents sewage from flowing back to its source (a building).
BALANCE
An appraisal term meaning that value of real property is best sustained when opposite influences (e.g. supply and demand) are equal.
BALANCE DUE DATE
See: Installment Note, Balance Due Date.
BALANCE SHEET
A statement of the assets and liabilities of a company to determine its net worth (equity).
BALANCED EXCHANGE
A tax free exchange of properties under Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue code. To be tax free the taxpayer must invest all of the profit from the relinquished property into the replacement property. See also: Boot.
BALCONY
(1) A balustrade, railed, elevated platform projecting from the face of a building. (2) An upper floor seating area in a theater.
BALLOON
(1) The final payment of a balloon note (see which). (2) A landlocked parcel of land.
BALLOON FRAME CONSTRUCTION
A term describing the framing used in a two story wood construction where the studs extend from the sill (ground level) to the ceiling of the second floor. See: Platform Frame Construction; Post and Beam Frame Construction.
BALLOON MORTGAGE
A mortgage that has a final payment larger than the other payments. For example, a thirty year loan due in five years would have a payment that would amortize it (pay it off) over thirty years. However, the loan would be due in five years, making the final payment (the balloon payment) greater than the previous payments.
BALLOON NOTE
A note calling for periodic payments which are insufficient to fully amortize the face amount of the note prior to maturity, so that a principal sum known as a "balloon" is due at maturity.
BALLOON PAYMENT
The final payment (balance due) of a balloon note.
BALTIMORE RULE
An appraisal method for setting a value on a corner lot. The lot is appraised as an inside lot for its front footage on both streets. The two values are then added to find the value of the corner lot. For example: Lot 1 fronts 100' on street A and 100' on street B. The value of a 100' inside lot on street A is added to the value of a 100' inside lot on street B to find the value of lot 1. Also called the Bernard Rule.
BALUSTER
The supporting posts of a handrail in a staircase.
BALUSTRADE
A row of balusters supporting a handrail.
BANK
(1) The elevated land on each side of a river or stream which keeps the water in its natural channel. (2) See: Commercial Bank.
BANKRUPT
One who is adjudicated a bankrupt by a court having proper jurisdiction. The bankruptcy may be voluntary (petitioned by the bankrupt) or involuntary (petitioned by the creditors of the bankrupt).
BANKRUPTCY
Proceedings under federal bankruptcy statutes to relieve a debtor (bankrupt) from insurmountable debt. The bankrupt's property is distributed by the court to the creditors as full satisfaction of the debts. In accordance with certain priorities and exemptions. Voluntary bankruptcy is petitioned by the debtor; involuntary by the creditors.
BARGAIN AND SALE DEED
A contract or deed which conveys a "use" in the buyer under the Statute of Uses. Although the deed may also convey legal title, there are no warranties by the seller that title is good unless specified. See also: Grant Deed; Quit Claim Deed; Warranty Deed.
BARGE COUPLE
Either of the two rafters supporting the part of a gable roof which extends beyond the supporting wall.
BARGE COURSE
Tiling on a gable roof projecting beyond the supporting wall.
BARGE-BOARD
A board (often carved or ornamented) which hangs from the projecting edge of a sloping roof. Also called a vergeboard.
BARN
A farm building used to store hay, grain, farm equipment, and to house livestock.
BARREL
A unit of solid or liquid measure, varying with each trade. For example: A barrel of water if 31 1/2 gallons, oil 42 gallons.
BASE
The lowest part of a construction member. That which bears the load. See also: Base Title.
BASE AND MERIDIAN
See: Base Line; Meridian.
BASE LINE
(1) A survey line used in the government survey to establish township lines. The base line runs East and West through a principal meridian (line running North and South). (2) A horizontal elevation line used as the centerline in a survey for a highway route.
BASE MAP
A map having background information, such as state, county, or city boundaries, upon which more detailed data is plotted.
BASE MOLDING
Molding installed along the top of the baseboard.
BASE PROPERTY
Private property owned by a cattle owner, required before a permit will be issued to allow the cattle to graze on public land.
BASE RENT
A specific amount used as a minimum rent in a lease which uses a percentage or overage for additional rent.
BASE SHOE MOLDING
Molding installed along the bottom of a baseboard (junction with floor). Also called carpet molding or carpet strip.
BASE TITLE
The result of an examination of title for the internal use of a title insurance company. Usually covers a large area and is done in anticipation of future sales or subdividing of the area.
BASE YEAR
The year upon which a direct expense escalation of rent is based. See also: Escalation Clause (3).
BASEBOARD
Generally, any board or molding covering an interior wall where it meets the floor.
BASEBOARD HEATING
A system of perimeter heating in which the baseboard is replaced by the heating units. May also be panels rather than baseboard units.
BASEMENT
Generally, the story of a building below ground level.
BASIC CAPACITY
In connection with highway use, the greatest number of cars per hour which can pass a given point under ideal driving conditions will give the basic capacity of a lane or road.
BASIC CROPS
Crops usually subject to government price supports and considered the basis of our agricultural economy, such as wheat, corn, oats, rice, and similar crops.
BASIS
The purchase price of a property, including all expenses related to the purchase.
BASIS FOR DEPRECIATION
The value of property for purposes of depreciation. For example: A purchased asset The basis is cost, whether fully paid for or not. The method for determining the basis is different for gift, inheritance, etc.
BASIS POINT
A finance term meaning a yield of 1/100th of 1%.
BATHROOM
A room containing a toilet, sink, and bathtub or bathtub-shower combination. In appraisal for federally insured mortgages, a toilet and sink (no bathtub or shower) equal a half bathroom; a toilet, sink and stall shower equal a three quarter bathroom.
BATT
A strip of insulation fitting closely between the studs of a wall.
BATTEN
A narrow strip (usually of wood), used to cover seams between siding boards.
BATTER
The slope of a structure, such as a wall or bank; expressed in terms of the vertical rise per horizontal distance, such as 3 inches (vertical) per 10 feet (horizontal).
BATTURE LAND
The land between a river bank and the water's edge when the water level is lower than normal.
BAUHAUS
(1919-1933) A school of design (most noted for its architecture) founded by Walter Gropius in Germany.
BAY
(1) The opening between two columns, walls, etc., which forms a room-like space. May be industrial space, parking space, barn space, or other use. (2) A bending or curving of the shoreline so as to form a partially enclosed body of water.
BAY WINDOW
A window which projects in a curve out from a wall, giving a bay- like effect to the interior.
BEACH
That portion of the shore between ordinary low and high water marks. Commonly used to describe any sandy area adjacent to a body of water.
BEAM
A vertical or horizontal member of a structure; may be of wood, steel, concrete, or other strong material, and, unless decorative only, is a load-bearing part of the structure.
BEAMED CEILING
A ceiling having one or more of its beams exposed. See: Beam.
BEARER
One holding commercial paper.
BEARER INSTRUMENTS
Checks, notes, drafts, bonds, etc., payable to whomever has possession of the instruments: i.e. the bearer.
BEARING
(1) Relative position or direction of one object to another or to a compass point. (2) Supporting a load, such as a bearing wall.
BEARING VALUE
In construction, the ability of soil to bear the weight of the structure to be built.
BEARING WALL
A wall which supports the weight of a part of a structure in addition to its own weight.
BED A TREE
Preparing a path (bed) on which a tree is to fall so that it will not be damaged.
BEDROCK
Solid rock beneath the soil, as distinguished from rocks or boulders.
BEDROOM COMMUNITY
An area primarily residential. The people living there commute to work.
BEFORE AND AFTER METHOD
An appraisal method used in both condemnation and modernization. In condemnation the method is used in a partial taking. The value of the total land owned by A, for example, is $1.00 per sq. ft. After a partial taking, the remaining land of A is worth $.75 per sq. ft. A should receive $1.00 per sq. ft. for the property taken plus $.25 per sq. ft. for the remaining parcel. In the event the remaining property is worth $1.25 after the taking (increased value), the payment to A could be less than the value of the property taken. In modernization, an appraiser may take the value of property before and after remodeling to determine if the value increased more than modernization costs.
BELT HIGHWAY
A limited access highway carrying traffic around an urban area, with entrances and exits to principal streets. Also called a by- pass.
BELVEDERE
See: Gazebo.
BENCH MARK
Surveying mark made in some object which is permanently fixed in the ground, showing the height of that point in relation to sea level. Used in topographic surveys and tidal observations.
BENEFICIAL ESTATE
An estate, the right to possession of which has been postponed, such as a devise under a will. More commonly, an estate, the legal ownership of which has not yet vested, as under a land contract. An equitable estate.
BENEFICIAL INTEREST
The equitable, rather than legal ownership of property, such as under a land contract.
BENEFICIAL USE
The doctrine, applicable in some areas, pertains to water rights, giving priority to those who would use the water most beneficially.
BENEFICIARY
(1) One for whose benefit a trust is created. (2) In states in which deeds of trust are commonly used instead of mortgages, the lender (mortgagee) is called the beneficiary.
BENEFICIARY'S DEMAND
Written instructions by a beneficiary under a deed of trust stating and demanding the amount necessary for issuance of a reconveyance, whether a full or partial amount.
BENEFICIARY'S STATEMENT
A statement by a lender under a deed of trust, setting forth the pertinent information necessary to assume said deed of trust, such as the unpaid balance, monthly payment, and interest rate.
BENEFIT OF THE BARGAIN
A rule of damages under which a defrauded purchaser may recover the difference between the actual and misrepresented value of the property purchased, even though greater than the actual loss suffered.
BENEFITS
A term used in eminent domain, referring to the increase in value to land not taken, which is produced by the taking. See also: General Benefits; Special Benefits.
BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATIONS
Non-profit groups having a philanthropic or charitable purpose.
BENT
A transverse frame of a building or bridge, designed to support horizontal or vertical loads.
BEQUEATH
To give personal property by will.
BEQUEST
Traditionally, a gift of personal property in a will. Modernly, a gift of personal or real property. See also: Devise.
BERM
(1) A bench, ledge, or other resting place part way up a hill or slope. (2) A mound used to control drainage by diverting all or part of the flow.
BERNARD RULE
See: Baltimore Rule.
BETTERMENT
An improvement to a structure which is not a repair, restoration, or enlargement. For example: the addition of aluminum siding over a frame wall; paving a street adjoining the structure; adding a fireplace or some similar improvement which increases the value of the property.
BETWEEN SIDEWALLS
See: Balloon Frame Construction; Platform Frame Construction.
BEVELED SIDING
See: Clapboard.
BI
A prefix meaning both "every two" or "twice in". Biannual, for example, is twice in one year. Biennial is once every two years.
BI-LEVEL
Two levels. Commonly refers to construction of a house. Also called "split" level.
BIANNUAL
Twice per year. Semiannual.
BID
(1) An offer, usually in competition with others, such as at auction. A builder may bid for the right to do construction (especially for a government contract). (2) Used in some states to describe an offer to purchase real estate.
BIENNIAL
Every two years.
BILATERAL (RECIPROCAL) CONTRACT
A contract formed by an exchange of promises. Performance of the contract takes place at a later time. The standard real estate sale's agreement or lease is a bilateral contract. See also: Unilateral Contract.
BILL DISCOUNTED
A promissory note from which the interest is deducted in advance.
BILL OF SALE
An instrument by which one transfers personal property.
BILLBOARD
A Structure annexed to land for the purpose of posting advertising.
BINDER
(1) A report issued by a title insurance company setting forth the condition of title to certain property as of a certain date, and also setting forth conditions which, if satisfied, will cause a policy of title insurance to be issued. Also called a commitment. See also: Preliminary Title Report. (2) A policy of title insurance (used primarily by investors) calling for a reduced rate for a future policy if the property is sold within a specified period.
BIRD DOGGING
Obtaining the initial lead regarding property, buyers, investors, potential home improvement customers, etc. The lead is then followed up by one empowered to make the deal.
BIRTH RATE
The number of births in a given area during a given period of time, based on per thousand population.
BIWEEKLY ACCELERATED MORTGAGE
A mortgage repaid by biweekly payments. A biweekly payment is equal to one-half the regular monthly payment. This reduced payment is then paid biweekly or 26 times per year. Under this accelerated plan, the borrower pays off more principal than a borrower making monthly payments. Example: A $100,000.00, 30 year loan at 12% interest would have a monthly payment of $1,028.62. Making biweekly payments of $514.31 pays off the 30 year loan in 19 years and 2 weeks and saves $115,975.18 in interest.
BLACK ACRE
Fictitious name used by legal writers to describe a specific property without a more complete description.
BLACKTOP
A black paving surface composed of a coal or asphalt material.
BLANKET DEED OF TRUST
See: Blanket Mortgage.
BLANKET INSURANCE POLICY
A policy covering more than one property. Commonly used by builders of a tract.
BLANKET MORTGAGE
(1) A mortgage covering more than one property of the mortgagor, such as a mortgage covering all the lots of a builder in a subdivision. (2) A mortgage covering all real property of the mortgagor, both present and future. When used in this meaning, it is also called a "general mortgage".
BLENDED RATE
An interest rate used in refinancing that is higher than the original loan but less than the current market rate.
BLIGHT
To wither and decay. Applied both to diseased plants and to neighborhoods where normal real estate maintenance has stopped.
BLIGHTED AREA
A term popular in urban renewal, referring to a run-down area.
BLIND AD
An ad (usually in a newspaper or magazine) which does not identify the party placing the ad. Often used in an ad for a job, asking that a resume be sent to a post office box.
BLIND CORNER
A corner where building or vegetation (trees, shrubs, etc.) extends to the property line and so obstructs the vision of motorists to right angle traffic.
BLIND NAILING
Nailing so that the nails are sunk into the wall and covered with putty so the nail heads do not show.
BLOCK
(1) In a city, a square or rectangular area enclosed by streets. (2) In some states, a part of a subdivision legal description, such as Lot 1, Block 1, Tract 1. (3) A pulley in a frame. (4) An auctioneer's platform.
BLOCK BUSTING
An illegal method of obtaining houses at below fair market value by telling the inhabitants that people of a different race or religion, moving into the area, will cause property values to fall.
BLUE LAWS
Actually, laws adopted in some New England colonies regarding religious and personal conduct. Later came to mean any laws regarding the conducting of business on Sunday. Do not confuse with Blue Sky Laws.
BLUE SKY LAWS
Laws to regulate the sale of securities to avoid investment in fraudulent companies or high risk investments without disclosure of the risks to the investor.
BLUEPRINT
A plan of a building in such detail as to enable workmen to construct it from the print. The name comes from the photographic process which produces the plan in white on a blue background.
BOARD
(1) A term which, in the lumber trade, refers to a piece of lumber less than 2 inches thick, and 8 or more inches wide. (2) A group of persons authorized by law to exercise management and control, either of a public function, such as a board of supervisors, board of health, etc., or a private corporation, as a board of directors.
BOARD AND BATTEN
A siding constructed of wide boards (usually one foot wide) placed 1/2 inch apart; the seams are covered by 3 inch wide battens.
BOARD OF ALDERMEN
The governing body of a municipal corporation. Equivalent to a city council.
BOARD OF EQUALIZATION
State board charged with the duty to bring equitable uniformity to the various local property tax assessments.
BOARDFOOT
A unit of measurement for lumber. One boardfoot equals 144 cubic inches or 12" X 12" X 1".
BOARDING HOUSE
A house where one can rent a room and receive board (meals), the cost of which is included in the rent. Not common today.
BOATEL
A name given to a hotel or motel adjacent to a marina and catering to boat travelers.
BOILER PLATE
The form language (generally printed) which is contained in deeds, deeds of trust, CC&R's, and other documents and contracts. The specifics for each instance are then filled in.
BOILER PLATING
Using form language for a contract, CC&R's (restrictions), etc.
BOLE
A tree trunk.
BOMA
See: Building Owners And Managers Association.
BONA FIDE
A legal term which refers to any actions, situations, or persons that are honest, in good faith, and without fraud.
BONA FIDE PURCHASER
A purchaser in good faith, for valuable consideration, without notice or knowledge of adverse claims of others. Sometimes abbreviated to B.F.P.
BOND
(1) An insurance agreement by which one is insured against loss by acts or defaults of a third party. In construction, a performance bond insures that the builder will finish his project. The insured could be a lender, purchaser, or other interested party. (2) A method of financing long term debt, issued by a government or private corporation, which bears interest and has priority over stock in terms of security.
BOND FOR DEED
See: Land Contract.
BOND FOR TITLE
See: Land Contract.
BONUS CLAUSE
See: "No Bonus" Clause.
BOOK COST
The actual cost as carried in the account ledger.
BOOK DEPRECIATION
Depreciation reserved (on the books) by an owner for future replacement or retirement of an asset.
BOOK VALUE
The value of a property as a capital asset (cost plus additions to value, less depreciation).
BOOM
(1) A barrier forming an enclosure for logs or timber. (2) A beam of a crane or derrick , used for guiding whatever it lifts.
BOOT
Something given in addition to. Generally used in exchange to refer to something given other than the major properties to be exchanged, in order to equalize value.
BORING TEST
Study of soil by boring holes and removing samples.
BOROUGH
A part of a city, having authority over certain local matters. The best known boroughs are the five boroughs of New York City.
BORROW
Material such as sand or gravel used for grading, which is brought from another location.
BORROW BANK
The place from which borrow material is taken.
BORROW PIT
The pit left after the removal of borrow material. The pit is sometimes filled as a lake and even stocked by some states for fishing.
BORROWER
1. The party receiving funds that must be repaid, usually with interest. 2. One who uses anything belonging to another with the agreement to return it.
BOTTOM LAND
Low land along a river formed by alluvial deposits. Also low lying ground such as a valley or dale.
BOULEVARD
A wide street, usually having a median or promenade, and lined with trees.
BOUNDARY
A separation, natural or artificial, which marks the division of two contiguous properties.
BOUNDS
Boundaries.
BOURN
A brook. Also called a bourne or burn.
BOURNE
See: Bourn.
BOWSTRING TRUSS
A structural truss with a top member which curves at each end to meet the bottom member, thus resembling a bow.
BRACED FRAMING
Framing reinforced with post and braces, forming a frame more rigid than balloon framing.
BRADLEY FOUNTAIN
See: Bradley Sink.
BRADLEY SINK
A circular lavatory, usually found in industrial buildings, capable of use by several persons at the same time by utilization of a center column containing multiple water jets operated by foot pedals. Also called a Bradley Fountain.
BREACH OF CONTRACT
Failure to perform a contract, in whole or part, without legal excuse.
BREACH OF COVENANT
The failure to do or to refrain from doing that which was covenanted. See also: Covenant; Condition; Restriction.
BREACH OF WARRANTY
In real property, the failure of the seller to pass title as either expressed or implied (by law) in the conveyancing document. See also: Warranty Deed; Grant Deed; Quitclaim Deed.
BREAK EVEN POINT
In income property, where there is neither a positive nor a negative cash flow.
BREAKDOWN METHOD
Estimating accrued depreciation by using all three reasons (physical deterioration, functional obsolescence, economic obsolescence) for loss in value.
BREAST-HEIGHT
The height at which the diameter of a tree is measured. A height of 4 1/2 feet above the ground level. The abbreviation D.B.H. (diameter-breast-height) is usually used.
BREATHER ROOF
A storage tank roof which rises or lowers depending on the level of the stored gas or liquid.
BREEZEWAY
(1) In construction of a house with no garage, a canopy which extends from the house over the driveway as a protection from the weather for an automobile and for those people going between the house and the automobile. (2) A covering over a porch or patio, connecting two sections of a house or a house and garage. Open on two sides, allowing air circulation (breeze).
BRICK
A building material made from clay, which is molded and heated. The effect of the heat on the iron in the clay gives a red color. Addition of lime or magnesia produces a yellow color.
BRIDGE
A structure over a waterway, highway, or other obstruction, to facilitate passage and for the benefit of travelers.
BRIDGE FINANCING
A form of interim loan, generally made between a short term loan and a permanent (long term) loan, when the borrower needs to have more time before taking the long term financing.
BRIDGING
Floor joist bracing, usually of wood or metal.
BRIDLE PATH (ROAD)
Technically a private road designated as a bridle road without specific use. More modernly, a road designated for equestrian use.
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (B.T.U.)
Unit of heat required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. Used to express the capacity of heating and cooling systems.
BROKER, REAL ESTATE
One who is licensed by the state to carry on the business of dealing in real estate. A broker may receive a commission for his or her part in bringing together a buyer and seller, landlord and tenant, or parties to an exchange.
BROKERAGE
The act of bringing together principals (buyer-seller; landlord- tenant; etc.) for a fee or commission, rather than acting as a principal.
BROKERAGE COMMISSION
See: Commission.
BROOM CLEAN
A term used to describe the condition of a building, delivered to a buyer or tenant. As the term indicates, the floors are swept and free of debris.
BUCKED
A tree, cut into logs.
BUDGET
As the word is applied to condominiums and planned developments, the common expenses shared by the unit owners. This will determine the amount each unit will be charged (usually monthly) for expenses of the common area (taxes, insurance, maintenance, etc.).
BUFFER STRIP (BUFFER ZONE)
A parcel of land separating two other parcels or areas, such as a strip of land between an industrial and residential area.
BUILD TO SUIT
A method of leasing property whereby the lessor builds to suit the tenant (according to the tenant's specifications). The cost of construction is figured into the rental amount of the lease, which is usually for a long term.
BUILDER
One whose occupation is the construction of structures (buildings).
BUILDER BOND
See: Performance Bond.
BUILDING
A structure built to shelter people, animals, or goods. May be a residence, business, or meeting place, such as a church.
BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATION
An organization for the purpose of accumulating a fund by subscription and savings of its members, to assist them with loans for building or purchasing real estate.
BUILDING CODE
A comprehensive set of laws which control the construction of buildings, including design, materials used, construction, use, repair, remodeling, and other similar factors.
BUILDING CONTRACT
A contract setting forth the terms under which construction is to be undertaken. Price may be set, or based on the builder's cost plus a profit.
BUILDING LINE
A line beyond which there can be no construction. Set by law, the purpose of such a line is to keep buildings from being built too close to the street, both for safety and aesthetic reasons.
BUILDING ORIENTATION
See: Orientation.
BUILDING OWNERS AND MANAGERS ASSOCIATION (BOMA)
An association of owners and managers of commercial (mainly office) buildings. The association shares information on management techniques as well as setting standards for things such as floor measurement of office buildings.
BUILDING PAPER
An insulation. A waterproof, heavy paper used in the construction of a roof or wall.
BUILDING PERMIT
A permit given by a local government to construct a building, or make improvements.
BUILDING RESIDUAL TECHNIQUE
An appraisal technique by which building value is determined by first determining the net return attributable to the land only, and deducting it from the total return to the property (may be estimated). The residual amount is capitalized to find the building value. Best used when land value is easy to estimate and building value difficult to estimate. See: Land Residual Technique; Property Residual Technique.
BUILDING RESTRICTIONS
Prohibition by a governmental body (zoning restriction) or a private party (a former owner) against construction of certain structures on a property.
BUILDING SITE
See: Site (2).
BUILT-IN'S
Commonly stoves, ovens, dishwashers, and other appliances, framed into the building construction and not movable.
BUILT-UP ROOF
A level roof composed of layers of roofing materials (tars and waterproof paper), covered with fine gravel.
BULK SALE
A transfer in bulk, not in the ordinary course of business, of all or substantially all of the inventory and fixtures of a business.
BULK SALES ACT
Laws to protect creditors against secret sale of all or substantially all of the merchant's goods. Requires certain notice before sale, and sets forth methods of voiding improper sales. See also: Uniform Commercial Code.
BULK ZONING
See: Area Zoning.
BULKHEAD
(1) A partition in a ship. (2) A retaining wall to hold back water and thereby extend the shoreline.
BULKHEAD LINE
A line established in navigable waters beyond which no solid fill can be used. The Army Corps of Engineers establishes the bulkhead line and also the pier line, beyond which no pier can be constructed.
BUNDLE OF RIGHTS
A theory comparing property rights to a bundle of sticks. Each of the usual property rights (possession, alienation, etc.) is represented by a stick and is, therefore, considered separately.
BURN
See: Bourn.
BUS
A copper bar through which electrical current flows.
BUS DUCT
A metal clad enclosure containing a bus.
BUSINESS
Unqualified, the word has no definite meaning, but has come to be understood to be any activity by which people earn money.
BUSINESS CYCLE
The economic cycle of prosperity, followed by a decline, and then a return to prosperity.
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY
The sale of a business (may or may not include the sale of real estate). Some states require a real estate license for these sales even when real estate is not involved. The Uniform Commercial Code, state statutes, and special laws for alcoholic beverage licenses (when applicable) should be studied by the business opportunities broker.
BUTT JOINT
The meeting end to end (butting) of two members to form a connection (joint).
BUTT LOG
The log immediately above the stump of a tree.
BUTT LOT
See: Key Lot 2.
BUTTE
A steep hill, usually standing alone.
BUTTERFLY ROOF
A roof formed by two gable roofs concave to a center ridge. The roof resembles the shape of a butterfly's wings.
BUTTRESS
A support for a wall. A prop. If the buttress projects from the wall and supports by lateral pressure, it is called a "flying buttress".
BUTTS AND BOUNDS
See: Metes and Bounds.
BUY-SELL OFFER
An offer by one owner of a business or real estate to buy out the interest of another owner of the same business or real estate (a partner or other shareholder), or to sell the offeror's interest at the same price or proportionate price if unequal ownership. Example: A and B each own a 1/2 interest in lot 1. A offers to buy B's interest for $10,000, or to sell A's interest to B for $10,000. Theoretically, very fair, since B has the option to buy or sell. However, B's interest may be worth $12,000, but B is financially unable to buy A's interest (also worth $12,000).
BUYDOWN
A payment to the lender from the seller, buyer, third party, or some combination of these, causing the lender to reduce the interest rate during the early years of a loan. The buydown is usually for the first 1 to 5 years of the loan. See also: Certificate Backed Mortgage.
BUYDOWN ACCOUNT
The account holding funds to be used to pay additional amounts during the buydown period. See: Buydown.
BUYER
AGENCY AGREEMENT - An agreement by a real estate broker to represent a buyer of property. A broker's agreement to represent a seller is commonly called a listing agreement. See: Agency.
BUYER'S MARKET
A market condition favoring the buyer. In real estate, when more homes are for sale than there are interested buyers.
BUYERS BROKER
A real estate agent representing the interests of the buyer. Rules of confidentially between buyer and agent are stricter than if the agent represented both buyer and seller.
BX CABLE
The main conduits coming into a home. Electrical wiring run through metal conduits.
BY-LAWS
Rules and regulations, adopted by an association or corporation, which govern its activities.
BY-PASS
A road designed to avoid or pass by a high density area, such as a business section of a city, in order to ease traffic congestion. Also called a belt highway.
C HORIZON
The horizon (layer) of the Earth below the A and B horizons. Called the substratum, it is usually not affected by rain, change of temperature, or other surface conditions.
C.A.E.(CERTIFIED ASSESSMENT EVALUATOR)
An assessor who, through the completion of required courses, experience, and examination, has earned this designation by the International Association of Assessing Officers.
CABINET WORK
Any interior carpentry which will be seen and must be finished with skill and care. One who does this work is called a cabinet maker or, more commonly, a finish carpenter.
CADASTRE
Inventory of real property in a community for tax and assessment purposes.
CAISSON
A watertight chamber in which men work underwater, or in an open excavation where loose soil or sand cave in on the workers. It may also be filled with concrete after it is used, and become a support.
CAL-VET LOANS
Real estate loans available to armed forces veterans from California, at low interest rates.
CALIFORNIA RANCH ARCHITECTURE
A sprawling, one story, ranch-style building, lending itself to interior flexibility in floor plan design.
CALL
In metes and bounds description, the angle and distance of a given line or arc. Each call is usually preceeded by the word "then" or "thence". Example:N 22% E 100' (1st call), thence N 80% E 100' (2nd call). (2) To demand payment due to default. Also used when a loan payment is not large enough to amortize the loan. Example: A mortgage payment requiring 20 years to pay in full but for a term of 5 years would be referred to as a 20-year amortization with a 5- year call.
CALL DATE
Originally a term used when a bond is redeemed prior to maturity, it is now also used in describing mortgages. [See Call(2)].
CALL LOAN
A loan payable upon demand.
CALL OPTION
A clause in a note and mortgage allowing the lender to demand full payment of the loan before the full term.
CAMBER
A slight bending or arching to a convex angle. Used to prevent beams, girders, flooring, ship decks, timbers, and similar load- bearing members, from taking a concave shape.
CAMINO
A Spanish word meaning highway.
CAMPANILE
A free standing bell tower.
CANAL
(1) A man made waterway used to connect bodies of water for navigation. (2) An irrigation waterway.
CANCELLATION CLAUSE
A clause in a lease or other contract, setting forth the conditions under which each party may cancel or terminate the agreement. The conditions may be as simple as giving notice or complex and require payment by the party desiring to cancel.
CANDLE
A measure of light, being the luminous intensity of a 7/8 inch sperm candle burning at 120 grains per hour. An international candle is based on the burning of platinum.
CANDLE HOUR
A measure of light, equal to one candle burning for one hour.
CANDLE POWER
The intensity of a light, expressed in candles.
CANTILEVER
A structural support which itself is supported at one end only and bears its load through its material strength and rigidity.
CANTILEVER BRIDGE
A bridge formed by two cantilevered members extending toward each other and connecting each other or a suspended span.
CAP
(1) A maximum amount of charge. Example: An Adjustable Rate Mortgage with a 5% rate cap could not adjust the interest rate by more than 5%. (2) A fitting used to seal, such as by a plumber to seal (cap) a pipe end. (3) A cornice, lintel, or top of a structure member such as a column.
CAP (PAYMENT)
See: Payment cap.
CAP RATE (APPRAISAL)
See: Capitalization Rate.
CAPACITY
One's ability to carry on normal business transactions. Lack of capacity may be natural (unsound mind) or simply by law (a minor). Restrictions may be full or partial.
CAPE COD HOUSE
An adaption of the New England cottage. May be one or two stories with sloping roof, usually with dormer windows, cornices, and of frame painted white.
CAPITA
Literally, heads. Commonly, persons individually. See also: Per Capita.
CAPITAL
Money used to create income, either as investment in a business or income property.
CAPITAL ASSETS
Assets of a permanent nature used to produce income, such as machinery, buildings, equipment, land, etc. Must be distinguished from inventory. A machine which makes pencils, for example, would be a capital asset to pencil manufacturer, but inventory to the company whose business is to sell such machines.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
Money spent on improvements such as land, buildings, machinery, and similar major expenditures which are not inventory.
CAPITAL GAIN
Gain realized from the sale of a capital asset. The difference between the purchase and sale price less allowable deductions, plus depreciation.
CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT
See: Capital Expenditure.
CAPITAL LOSS
Loss from the sale of a capital asset. The difference between the purchase and sale price plus allowable deductions, less depreciation.
CAPITAL STOCK
A general term referring to the stock a corporation may issue, the amount actually subscribed by shareholders, the value of the company, liability to the shareholders, etc.
CAPITALIZATION
Determining a present value of income property by taking the annual net income (either known or estimated) and discounting by using a rate of return commonly acceptable to buyers of similar properties. For example: Net income of a property is $10,000 per year. Capitalizing at a rate of 10%, the property would be worth $100,000.
CAPITALIZATION APPROACH
See: Income Approach.
CAPITALIZATION RATE
The percentage (acceptable to an average buyer) used to determine the value of income property through capitalization.
CAPITALIZE
To determine the present money value of future income, whether estimated or fixed.
CAPITALIZED VALUE
The value of the property after use of the capitalization approach of appraisal.
CAPRICIOUS VALUE
In appraisal, a value based on whim or emotion and not reflective of the fair market value.
CAPTURE RATE
The comparison of the rate of sales or leases of real estate developments in a given market area.
CAR
California Association of Realtors.
CAR FLOAT BRIDGE
The connection (bridge) used to transfer railroad cars to or from land and a barge. The bridge must be vertically mobil to adjust to changing water levels.
CARAVAN
An inspection of newly listed properties, either by the entire sales staff of an office or by sales personnel from more than one office in conjunction with a multiple listing group. Generally conducted on a regular basis.
CARPORT
A roof supported by pillars or cantilevered which shelters a car. May either extend from a structure (usually a house) or be constructed separately (often to accommodate several cars).
CARRYBACK LOAN
See: Purchase Money Mortgage (1).
CARRYING CHARGES
The costs involved in keeping a property which is intended to produce income (either by sale or rent) but has not yet done so.
CARRYOVER BASIS
The tax basis in a tax deferred exchange which is transferred (carried over) from the property given up to the property acquired.
CASE
(1) An external framework of a structure. (2) A court action.
CASE LAW
See: Common Law.
CASEMENT WINDOW
A window hinged at its sides, allowing it to swing open vertically.
CASH
(1) Money or (2) its equivalent (checks, bank notes, etc.). Ready money.
CASH ACCOUNTING
See: Accrual Accounting.
CASH ASSETS
Money which is available to meet the requirements of operating a business.
CASH DISCOUNT
A discount from a billed amount if paid within a certain period.
CASH EQUIVALENCY ANALYSIS
An appraisal technique by which the price of comparable properties selling at different financing terms are adjusted to find market value. The theory is that terms less advantageous to the seller will cause a higher sale price; cash being most advantageous to the seller.
CASH FLOW
In investment property, the actual cash the investor will receive after deduction of operation expenses and debt service (loan payment) from his gross income.
CASH FLOW RATE
See: Cash-On-Cash.
CASH ON HAND STATEMENT
A statement of cash on hand which the buyer intends to apply to closing costs, impounds, and down payment. Also shows the source of the money (savings, gift, etc.).
CASH OUT
To take the entire amount of a seller's equity in cash rather than to retain some interest in the property, such as a purchase money mortgage or deed of trust. Also loosely used when paying off anyone having an interest in property, thereby ending the interest.
CASH RENT
A term used in farm rental to distinguish between money rent and rent paid by giving a portion of the crop to the owner (share crop).
CASH RESERVES
An amount of money sometimes required by a lender to be held in reserve in addition to the down payment and closing costs.
CASH SALE
A sale for full payment in cash, as opposed to a credit sale. A payment by check is considered cash. May be qualified, as "cash to new loan", "cash to existing loan", etc.
CASH-ON-CASH
The amount of cash received compared to the amount of cash invested. Also called the Equity Dividend Rate, Cash Flow Rate or Equity Capitalization Rate.
CASH-OUT REFINANCE
A new mortgage loan that pays off any existing debts on the property and still gives the borrower cash.
CASHIER'S CHECK
A check drawn by a bank on itself rather than on an account of a depositor. A cashier's check is generally acceptable to close a sale without waiting for the check to clear.
CASING
The exterior surface or covering of a building such as aluminum siding, a roof, etc.
CATTLE GUARD
A grill or grating placed in the ground over which cattle will not cross.
CATWALK
A narrow, elevated walkway along a wall, girders, or over a stage or other area where it may be necessary for a person to go for operation or repair.
CAUSEWAY
A raised roadbed over lowlands. See also: Levee.
CAVAEDIUM
An atrium, courtyard.
CAVEAT
"Let Him Beware" - A formal notice to a court or officer, given by an interested party, asking that the court suspend proceedings until deciding on the merits of the caveat.
CAVEAT EMPTOR
"Let the buyer beware". Legal maxim stating that the buyer takes the risk regarding quality or condition of the item purchased, unless protected by warranty or there is misrepresentation. Modernly, consumer protection laws have placed more responsibility for disclosure on the seller and broker.
CAVITY WALL
Refers to a brick or stone wall which is actually built as two separate walls, joined only at the top and ends, and so "hollow". Also called a hollow wall.
CC&R'S (COVENANTS, CONDITIONS, AND RESTRICTIONS)
A term used in some areas to describe the restrictive limitations which may be placed on property. In other areas, simply called restrictions.
CEILING
(1) The overhead interior lining of a room, building, etc. (2) A maximum amount.
CELLAR
A storage room or group of rooms, usually under a building, which are used for storage.
CEMENT
A mineral powder which, when mixed with water and allowed to set will dry hard and can be used in construction as floors, walls, etc.
CEMENT BLOCK
A building block, composed of cement, and usually hollow. See also: Cinder Block.
CEMETERY
Large parcels of land used for burying deceased persons. May be public or private, the private usually being of a specific religious denomination.
CENTRAL ASSESSMENT
An assessment of property under one ownership but located in more than one assessment district. Used for railroads and public utilities to stabilize the assessment value.
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
An area of a city where most of the major businesses are located. The "downtown" area.
CENTRAL CITY
(1) The downtown area of a major city. (2) A city which is central to a metropolitan area containing many cities. The name of the central city is used for the whole area. For example: Los Angeles metropolitan area.
CERCLA (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT)
See which.
CERTIFICATE
A writing, either from a court or other public body, giving assurances of existing conditions or facts, and giving rights or creating obligations.
CERTIFICATE BACKED MORTGAGE
A variation of the buydown. The seller purchases a savings certificate (usually with the proceeds of the sale) from the lender. The lender sets the buyer's interest rate below market (generally 2 percent above the certificate rate). Should the seller withdraw the certificate funds, the buyer's rate goes to market rate.
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT (C.D.)
A specific sum of money deposited into a savings institution for a specified time period, and bearing a higher rate of interest than a passbook account if left to maturity. Does not have withdrawal privileges as does a passbook account. Also called a time certificate of deposit (T.C.D.)
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT INDEX
One of the many indices that may be used for interest rate changes in an adjustable rate mortgage.
CERTIFICATE OF ELIGIBILITY
A certificate obtained by a veteran from a Veteran's Administration office which states that the veteran is eligible for a V.A. insured loan. There is a list of requirements (when and how long the veteran served, type of discharge, etc.) which also may be obtained from the V.A. office.
CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY
A certificate issued by a local building department to a builder or renovator, stating that the building is in proper condition to be occupied.
CERTIFICATE OF PURCHASE
See: Certificate of Sale.
CERTIFICATE OF REASONABLE VALUE
A certificate giving the estimate of value on which to base a loan guaranteed by the Veterans Administration.
CERTIFICATE OF REDEMPTION
Evidence of redeeming (buying back) a property by the owner after losing it through a judicial sale. The time limit for redemption is set by statute.
CERTIFICATE OF SALE
Certificate issued to the buyer at a judicial sale (such as a tax sale), which will entitle the buyer to a deed upon confirmation of the sale by the court or if the land is not redeemed within a specified time.
CERTIFICATE OF TITLE
In areas where attorneys examine abstracts or chains of title, a written opinion, executed by the examining attorney, stating that title is vested as stated in the abstract.
CERTIFICATE OF VETERAN STATUS
The evidence of eligibility given to a veteran by the VA. The certificate gives the veteran status to obtain certain loans with less money down.
CERTIFIED CHECK
A personal check drawn by an individual which is certified (guaranteed) to be good. The bank holds the funds to pay the certified check and will not pay any other checks drawn on the account if such payment would impede payment of the certified check. The bank also will not honor a stop payment of a certified check.
CERTIFIED COMMERCIAL INVESTMENT MEMBER (CCIM)
A designation conferred by the Commercial Investment Real Estate Institute, an affiliate of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS. The designation recognizes expertise in many different areas including commercial real estate sales, leasing, property management, appraisal, development, lending and investment counseling.
CERTIFIED COPY
A true copy, attested to be true by the office holding the original.
CERTIFIED MORTGAGE BANKER (CMB)
A designation conferred by the Mortgage Bankers Association of America (MBA) to employees of its member companies after experience, educational and testing requirements have been met.
CERTIFIED PROPERTY MANAGER (CPM)
A professional awarded to real estate managers by the Institute of designation Real-Estate Management,an affiliate of the National Association of Realtors. Address: Institute of Real Estate Management 430 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, IL 60611
CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT (CPA)
A designation awarded to accountants by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) after completing the required education and passing a national exam. Only CPA's may audit HUD programs unless registered before 1970.
CERTIFIED REAL ESTATE BROKERAGE MANAGER (CRB)
A designation conferred by the Real Estate Brokerage Managers Council upon a brokerage owner or manager who is an expert in the field.
CERTIFIED RESIDENDIAL SPECIALIST (CRS)
A designation conferred by The Council of Residential Specialists upon those who have successfully completed the required courses and are experts in residential real estate transactions.
CERTIORARI
An appellate review of the complete record of a lower court action, rather then simply a review of an appeal for judicial error.
CESSPOOL
A pit or pool which holds raw sewage.
CESTUI QUE TRUST
One having an equitable interest in property, legal title being vested in a trustee.
CESTUI QUE VIE
The person whose life is used to determine the length of an estate based on a life in being.
CHAIN
See: Chain Of Title; Chains And Links.
CHAIN OF TITLE
The chronological order of conveyancing of a parcel of land, from the original owner (usually the government) to the present owner.
CHAIN STORE
A store belonging to a series of similar stores under central ownership and management, and striving for uniformity in design, inventory, and service.
CHAINS AND LINKS
Measurements. In real estate measurements (surveying) a chain is 66' long or 100 links, each link being 7.92". The measurement may change when used in fields other than surveying.
CHANGE
The principle that no physical or economic condition remains the same.
CHANGE FREQUENCY
The time between adjustments of interest and payment on a adjustable rate mortgage.
CHANGE OF NAME
When there is a name change of a party appearing on a document (deed, etc.), it may be reflected in several ways, such as (1) Mary Smith, a married woman, W.A.T.A. (who acquired title as) Mary Jones, an unmarried woman. (2) Mary Smith AKA (also known as) Mary Jones. (3) Mary Smith, formerly Mary Jones. (4) Mary Smith, alias Mary Jones. Each may be applicable in different circumstances (how and why the name was changed).
CHANGE ORDER
In construction, a written instruction to alter the original construction plan.
CHANNEL
(1) An open or closed duct or conduit. (2) A gutter, furrow, or groove. (3) The deepest part of a natural waterway through which the main current flows, and which affords the best passageway for ships.
CHANNELIZATION
The term used to describe traffic direction. Traffic is "channeled" by use of one way streets, signs directing turns, island barriers, etc.
CHAPEL
(1) A place of worship apart from a church, such as a hospital chapel, college chapel, etc. Generally for a small group. (2) A portion of a church secondary and subordinate to the main alter.
CHARGE-OFF
The unpaid balance of a loan that a lender writes off as a bad debt.
CHATTEL
Personal property.
CHATTEL MORTGAGE
A lien on personal property. Also called a security interest or financing statement.
CHATTEL REAL
All estates in real property less than fee estates, such as a lease.
CHECK ROW
A method of planting rows of plants on intersecting lines, forming a "checkerboard" effect. Used for corn, tomatoes, and other vegetables.
CHECK VALVE
A valve to prevent backup of material being carried through a pipe or other conduit.
CHILD CARE STATEMENT
A statement by a working husband and wife showing the amount paid for child care and to whom paid.
CHIMNEY
Any passage through which smoke from a fire passes. Most commonly the passage, constructed of brick, from a fireplace to above the roof of a building.
CHIMNEY BACK
The back wall or lining of a fireplace or furnace chimney.
CHIMNEY FLASHING
See: Flashing.
CHIMNEY POT
An earthenware or metal pipe or deflector, projecting from the top of the chimney to increase draft and reduce and disperse smoke.
CHOSE IN ACTION
A right to an action for recovery of a debt or to possession of anything held by another. The right to possession rather than possession.
CHOSE IN POSSESSION
Something in possession, rather than the right to possession.
CHURCH
A public place of worship, usually Christian worship. See also: Synagogue; Temple.
CID
See: Common Interest Development.
CIENAGA
A Spanish word meaning a swamp or marsh, formed by hillside springs.
CINDER BLOCK
A building block composed of cinders (ashes) and cement, which does not have the weight or strength of a cement block.
CIRCLEHEAD WINDOW
A semicircular window, usually above a door, which has no moving parts and is used as a decoration as well as to admit light.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
An electrical device which has taken the place of the fuse in most buildings. The circuit is broken (electricity shut-off) when there is an overload. The circuit breaker can be reset rather than replaced as a fuse must be.
CIRCULATION PATTERN
The regular traffic pattern, as from a residential area to a business district and back.
CIRCUMFERENTIAL HIGHWAY
A highway which arcs around the central business district of a city. Also called a belt highway or by-pass.
CISTERN
A tank used for storing rain water for use in areas where there is no water brought to the property by plumbing.
CITY
Technically, a municipal corporation having voting by represen-tatives to operate its functions, rather than direct voting, as in a town. Commonly, any large incorporated town is called a city.
CITY PLAN
See; Master Plan .
CIVIL ACTION
Any action which is not a criminal action.
CIVIL LAW
(1) Roman Law. The legal system derived from the Romans which is prevalent in most of the non-English speaking countries, and, to some degree, in Louisiana. Differs from Common Law of England, from which United States Law is derived. (2) Any laws which are not criminal laws.
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
An act passed to strengthen the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The act, among other things, prohibits discrimination in housing.
CLAIM
An assertion of some right or demand.
CLAPBOARD
Narrow boards used as siding for frame houses, and having one edge thicker than the other. The boards run horizontally with the thicker edge overlapping the thinner edge.
CLARIFIER
Underground system of tanks with filters or chemical agents designed to remove or neutralize harmful wastes from water before emptying said water into a sewer or septic tank.
CLASS ACTION
An action brought on behalf of a group of people having a similar claim. Has become increasingly popular in the consumer movement, and is a strong weapon against unfair pricing when the price of overcharging in one instance would be too minor to bring suit.
CLASSIFIED LOAN
A substandard loan which a bank should not have made.
CLASSIFIED PROPERTY TAX
Property tax which varies in rate depending on the use (zoning classification) of the property.
CLEAN ROOM
A room specially designed to have a controlled atmosphere, for health reasons or experimentation accuracy, such as a germ free room or a dust free room.
CLEAN WATER ACT
A federal act, first adopted in 1977, to stop pollution of waterways and protect wildlife and recreational areas.
CLEAR HEADWAY
The height of the lowest overhead framing member (usually the top of the door frame) as measured from the floor.
CLEAR LUMBER
High quality lumber "clear" of most defects, particularly knots.
CLEAR SPAN
An interior area which does not use columns or posts to hold up the roof, thereby creating a large, open area with maximum visibility and use of the floor space.
CLEAR TITLE
See: Free and Clear.
CLEARANCE
(1) The removal of structures from an area for urban renewal. (2) The maximum height of a vehicle which may safely pass under a bridge or through a tunnel.
CLERESTORY
A wall or portion of a wall to which the roof attaches at a higher level than the other walls or portions of a wall of a building. Generally found in church construction and contains windows.
CLERESTORY WINDOW
Window in a clerestory.
CLIENT
Traditionally one who employs an attorney. Has loosely been used to refer to the principal of a real estate agent, insurance agent, stock broker, etc.
CLOSE CORPORATION
(1) A corporation not allowing its shareholders to vote for directors or officers. (2) A corporation owned by a small group of shareholders and not having publicly traded stock. Commonly, and incorrectly, called a closed corporation.
CLOSED CORPORATION
See: Close Corporation.
CLOSED END MORTGAGE
A mortgage that does not allow the borrower to increase the amount borrowed over the term of the mortgage. See also: Open End Mortgage.
CLOSED END MUTUAL FUND
A fund (sometimes dealing in real estate or mortgages) which is not accepting new investors. The shares in the fund are bought and sold, either at a premium, par, or a discount, based on the success of the fund. The shares are not sold and redeemed through the fund but on the open market. The same technique is used with closed end trusts.
CLOSED MORTGAGE
See: Lock-in.
CLOSING
(1) In real estate sales, the final procedure in which documents are executed and/or recorded, and the sale (or loan) is completed. (2) A selling term meaning the point at which the client or customer is asked to agree to the sale or purchase and sign the contract. (3) The final call in a metes and bounds legal description which "closes" the boundaries of the property.
CLOSING COSTS
Expenses incidental to a sale of real estate, such as loan fees, title fees, appraisal fees, etc.
CLOSING STATEMENT
The statement which lists the financial settlement between buyer and seller, and also the costs each must pay. A separate statement for buyer and seller is sometimes prepared.
CLOUD
See: Cloud on Title.
CLOUD ON TITLE
An invalid encumbrance on real property, which, if valid, would affect the rights of the owner. For example: A sells lot 1, tract 1, to B. The deed is mistakenly drawn to read lot 2, tract 1. A cloud is created on lot 2 by the recording of the erroneous deed. The cloud may be removed by quitclaim deed, or, if necessary, by court action.
CLOVERLEAF
An intersection using loop shaped ramps and grade separation to accomplish the intersecting of traffic without signal lights or stop signs. When viewed from above, the shape of the intersection resembles a cloverleaf.
CLOVERLEAFING
A method of real estate canvassing by looping around a specific property (one listed or sold) in the shape of a cloverleaf, in order to obtain listings or buyers.
CLUSTER HOUSING
Building houses close together with little yard space and a large common area, rather than each house having a large yard. The density is usually greater in the cluster project.
CLUSTER ZONING
Zoning allowing the construction of buildings closer together than normal (clustered) and then requiring the balance of the property to be kept as open space.
CLUSTERING
See: Cluster Housing.
CMB
See: Certified Mortgage Banker.
CMO
See Collateralized Mortgage Obligation.
CO-ADMINISTRATOR
One who shares the duties of administrator with one or more other administrators.
CO-EXECUTOR
One who shares the duties of executor with one or more other executors.
CO-MAKER
A surety (see which) under a loan. The co-maker is equally responsible for repayment as the borrower (maker).
CO-MORTGAGOR
One who signs a mortgage with another as borrower. The term is often applied to one who intends to guaranty the loan even though co-mortgagors have equal liability.
CO-OP
See: Cooperative apartment.
CO-ORDINATES
A general term encompassing a number of methods to determine the position of intersecting lines, planes, points, etc.
CO-OWNERSHIP
Ownership by two or more persons or entities. See also: Equitable Ownership; Legal Owner.
CO-SIGNATORY
See: Co-maker.
CO-TRUSTEE
One who shares the duties of trustee with one or more other trustees.
COAST
The seashore or land near it.
COASTAL COMMISSION
A commission set up to control construction in coastal areas.
CODE
A comprehensive set of laws drawn up to cover completely a given subject. Covers diverse subjects, such as the criminal code, and the building code.
CODE OF ETHICS
See: Ethics.
CODICIL
An addition to a will, which modifies the will by adding to it, subtracting from it, or clarifying it.
COFFERDAM
See: Caisson.
COFI (COST OF FUNDS INDEX)
One of the many indexes used to determine rate changes for an adjustable rate mortgage. COFI is considered a good index for the borrower.
COGNOVIT NOTE
A note in which a debtor confesses judgement in the event of nonpayment and waives all defenses.
COIGN, COIGNE
A cornerstone, usually differing in size (and sometimes material) from the rest of the wall, also spelled quoin.
COINSURANCE
A sharing of the risk of an insurance policy by more than one insurer. Usually one insurer is liable up to a certain amount; the other liable over that amount.
COINSURANCE CLAUSE
A requirement by an insurer that the property owner carry insurance equal to a specified percentage of the value of the property.
COLD CANVASS
Soliciting door to door or by phone without any previous contact. A good method for a salesperson to begin to establish a farm area. See: Farm (3).
COLLAPSIBLE CORPORATION
A corporation which is sold instead of its product, in order to create a capital gain rather than ordinary income for tax purposes. For example: A and B (persons) are real estate developers who want to build an office building to sell. They form a corporation which builds the building. Then, rather than selling the building, A and B sell the corporation, claiming capital gain on the stock profit. Federal tax laws regulate such transactions.
COLLAR TIE
See: Tie Beam.
COLLATERAL
By or at the side, additional or auxiliary. Mistakenly used to mean collateral security.
COLLATERAL ASSIGNMENT
An assignment of property as collateral security, and not with the intent to transfer ownership from assignor to assignee.
COLLATERAL HEIR
One not in a direct line of descent of inheritance. Example: A nephew, not a son.
COLLATERAL NOTE
A promissory note secured by specific property.
COLLATERAL SECURITY
Most commonly used to mean some security in addition to the personal obligation of the borrower.
COLLATERALIZED MORTGAGE OBLIGATION
A mortgage-backed security. CMOs are similar to mortgage-backed securities except that CMOs offer the option of short or long maturity. The future cash flows from a group of mortgages are split into varying length classes to satisfy the needs of investors who seek different maturity lengths. (See: Mortgage-Backed Securities).
COLLUSION
An agreement of two or more people to do something unlawful. Generally, an agreement between people who represent different interests and "sell out" these interests for personal gain.
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
Two story houses with windows divided into small panes, usually with shutters. The main facade is detailed and symmetrical, generally with a center entrance. Architecture following the style of New England colonial houses.
COLONNADE
Columns, regularly spaced, which support an architrave. See also: Peristyle; Portico.
COLOR OF TITLE
That which gives the appearance of good title, but actually contains some defect. For example: A conveyance given without the grantor having good title.
COLUMN
A large vertical support member of a structure. A pillar, usually cylindrical.
COLUMN FOOTINGS
The support bases for load-bearing columns. Generally composed of reinforced concrete.
COLUMN LOTS
Small lots for the placement of columns to support a structure, such as a billboard or other structure which has its largest parts not touching the ground.
COLUMN STEEL
Steel used inside a column for reinforcement.
COMBED PLYWOOD
An interior paneling, grooved as if by a comb.
COMBINATION ADVANCE REVERSE MORTGAGE
Under this arrangement, the borrower receives a lump sum. This is most commonly used to pay off an existing mortgage, make repairs on the property, or pay consumer debt. The balance of the loan is made in periodic (monthly) payments. See also: Reverse Mortgage.
COMBINATION DOOR
An outer door using interchangeable panels of glass and screen, depending on the weather.
COMBINATION SEWER
A sewer that is both a sanitary and storm sewer.
COMBINATION WINDOW
A window using interchangeable panels of glass and screen, depending on the weather.
COMMENSURATE PROPERTY
See: Base Property.
COMMERCIAL ACRE
See: Net Acre.
COMMERCIAL BANK
An institution for savings, loans, checking accounts, and other services not all of which are found in savings and loan institutions. Banks are generally more active in construction loans rather than long term real estate financing
COMMERCIAL BROKER
A licensed real estate broker specializing in improved commercial property or offices.
COMMERCIAL INESTMENT REAL ESTATE INSTITUTE
An affiliate of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS which strives to improve the level of competency of those engaged in Commercial-Investment real estate, and which confers the designation of Certified Commercial Investment Member (CCIM).
COMMERCIAL PAPER
Negotiable instruments used in the course of business, such as promissory notes, which are bought and sold (usually at a discount).
COMMERCIAL PROPERTY
Property which is zoned "commercial" (for business use). Property such as stores, restaurants, etc., falling between residential and industrial.
COMMINGLING
To mix funds held in trust with other funds. For example: A broker or builder mixes deposits (should be in a trust account) with his funds by putting the deposits in his general account. Although commingling is in itself a violation for which a broker may lose his license, it does not mean that, by commingling, the broker or builder intended to misappropriate the funds. See also: Conversion (2).
COMMISSION
An amount, usually as a percentage, paid to an agent (real estate broker) as compensation for his services. The amount to a real estate broker is generally a percentage of the sale price or total rental.
COMMISSION POINT
See: Point (2).
COMMITMENT
(1) Title insurance term for the preliminary report issued before the actual policy. Said report shows the condition of title and the steps necessary to complete the transfer of title as contemplated by the buyer and seller. (2) A written promise to make or insure a loan for a specified amount and on specified terms.
COMMITMENT FEE
A fee paid for a loan commitment. See: Commit-ment (2).
COMMITMENT LETTER
See: Commitment (2).
COMMON AREA
The area owned in common by the owners of condominiums or planned unit development homes in a subdivision.
COMMON AREA ASSESSMENTS
The levies (assessments) charged to owners of condominiums or planned unit developments for the cost of common area maintenance and home owner association costs.
COMMON BRICK
A brick having no special surface treatment, making each brick different in color. Used to describe a surface of bricks which are artificially treated so that each is different in color.
COMMON ELEMENTS
See: Common Area.
COMMON INTEREST DEVELOPMENT
A general term used to describe any type of clustered buildings with shared land ownership, such as condominiums and planned developments. CID's, as they are called, must have individual ownership or exclusive right to occupy, combined with shared ownership.
COMMON LAW
The body of laws, originated and developed in England, which was adopted by most states and still prevails if not superseded by statute. Also referred to as case law.
COMMON LAW MORTGAGE
Any mortgage which contains the elements of a mortgage according to the Common Law.
COMMON OF ESTOVERS
See: Estovers.
COMMON STOCK
A share of ownership in a corporation.
COMMON WALL
See: Party Wall.
COMMUNITY APARTMENT
A form of common interest development under which title to the entire development is shared, with an exclusive right to occupy each unit given to the various title holders.
COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION
See: Home Owner's Association.
COMMUNITY HOME IMPROVEMENT MORTGAGE
A loan for low to moderate income buyers to borrow more than the usual 80% loan to value when a portion of the funds will be used to improve or make repairs on the property. The theory is that improvement of individual properties will benefit the whole community.
COMMUNITY PROPERTY
Property owned in common by a husband and wife, which is not separate property. A classification of property peculiar to certain states.
COMMUNITY REINVESTMENT ACT
Federal legislation of 1977 (and subsequent amendments) for the purpose of encouraging banks and thrifts (savings and loans) to make more loans in their local areas. The act created the National Consumer Cooperative Bank to make loans to local banks and thrifts for community investment (loans) and also to guarantee certain loans made in the local community.
COMMUNITY SECOND MORTGAGE
A junior mortgage subsidized by a state or local government agency or nonprofit organization enabling low to moderate income buyers to purchase a home with less of a down payment. The mortgage will have a below market interest rate and the principal may not have to be repaid if the buyer stays in the home for a certain period. The details of this type of loan vary by location.
COMMUNITY SHOPPING CENTER
An intermediate size shopping center. May contain a small department store and coordinated small shops. Larger than a neighborhood center and smaller than a regional center.
COMPACTION
The pressing together and joining of sedimentary layers of ground by the pressure of the weight of overlying layers. A report showing the density of the soil and its make-up is required in some areas before permits for construction will be issued.
COMPARABLES
Properties used as comparisons to determine the value of a specific property.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
See: Market Value Approach.
COMPARATIVE MARKET ANALYSIS
See: Market Data Approach.
COMPARATIVE METHOD
A method of estimating replacement construction cost by comparing the property to be built with the cost per square foot or cost per cubic foot of a similar building.
COMPARISON METHOD
See: Market Data Approach.
COMPENSATING BALANCE
Funds deposited into a bank, savings and loan association, or other lending institution, to induce the lender to make a specific loan or establish a line of credit. The deposit may be made by the party desiring the loan, or a third party.
COMPENSATION
A payment to make amends for the abridgement of rights or an injury. In condemnation, the payment for the taking of a person's property without the owner's consent.
COMPENSATORY DAMAGES
Damages to cover a loss or injury and nothing more. See also: Exemplary Damages.
COMPETENT
Legally fit. Having the necessary age, ability, and authority to accomplish any given acts or duties.
COMPETITION
The appraisal principle that states that excess profits generate competition.
COMPETITIVE MARKET ANALYSIS (CMA)
See: Market Data Approach.
COMPLETION BOND
A bond protecting against failure to complete construction.
COMPONENT CONSTRUCTION
Also called modular construction or prefabrication. See also: Prefabrication.
COMPONENT DEPRECIATION
Allocating separate effective lives to components of a building and depreciating each separately.
COMPONENT PANEL
A modular (prefabricated) wall, fully finished, which is installed as a part of a building.
COMPOSITE RATE
A rate reflecting both the income flow of a building (or other depreciating asset) and the recapture of invested capital.
COMPOSITION
(1) A mixture of gravel and stones embedded in a heavy tar roof shingle, and called a "composition" roof. (2) A creditor's composition, (see which).
COMPOUND AMOUNT OF AN ANNUITY
The total amount at the end of a given period, including investment and reinvestment of the annuity payments.
COMPOUND AMOUNT OF AN INVESTED SUM
The total amount at the end of a given period, including the reinvestment of all interest plus the original amount invested.
COMPOUND INTEREST
Interest paid on accumulated interest as well as on the principal.
COMPOUND SLOPE
A slope composed of two or more separate slopes with different grade angles.
COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY PLAN
See: Master Plan.
COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT
The federal legislation which established the Superfund to hasten the cleanup of contaminated property. The strength of the act is that there is strict liability, joint and several liability, and liability is retroactive. See also: Joint and Several Liability; Strict Liability; Superfund.
COMPS
See: Comparables.
COMPUTER LISTING
A system of processing listings through a computer so that anyone belonging to the service may learn of the listing through a telephone call directly into the computer. The listings are coded by area, number of bedrooms, and other features of the property.
CONCAVE
Having an angle or curvature less than 180 degrees.
CONCEALED HEATING
See: Radiant Heating.
CONCESSION
A granting of a right, by government or privately, usually for use of land or area in a building to carry on a business.
CONCRETE
A cement mixture containing sand and gravel which is combined by mixing with water, poured to a desired shape, and hardens as it dries. See also: Poststressed Concrete; Prestressed Concrete; Reinforced Concrete.
CONCRETE (PLAIN)
A concrete which has not been prestressed, poststressed, or reinforced in any way except possibly to hinder shrinkage or expansion caused by temperature changes.
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
See: Architectural Concrete Construc-tion; Reinforced Concrete Construction.
CONCRETE SLAB FOUNDATION
A poured foundation consisting of concrete beams at the perimeter and center of a reinforced slab, which gives the slab support. See: Floating Slab; Monolithic Slab; Rebar.
CONCRETE TILT-UP
An inexpensive method of constructing walls by pouring concrete into forms flat on the ground, allowing to harden, then raising the forms by a crane or block and tackle to a vertical position, thereby forming the wall.
CONCRETION
A mineral mixture which forms, generally in rock of a different composition, various size grains or modules.
CONCURRENT EXCHANGE
An exchange of properties under section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Service Code that close (transfer) simultaneously.
CONDEMNATION
(1) The taking of private property for public use. Consent of the owner is not required but fair compensation must be paid. See also: Eminent Domain. (2) Declaring property unfit, usually for violations of health and/or safety codes.
CONDEMNATION VALUE
Market value paid upon condemnation.
CONDEMNEE
The owner of property taken by condemnation (eminent domain).
CONDEMNER
The party taking property by condemnation (eminent domain).
CONDENSATION
The forming of water on a barrier from warm air meeting cooler air, as in air conditioning units.
CONDENSATION DUCT
A duct which carries away the water given off by condensation from an air conditioning unit.
CONDITION
In real property law, some limiting restriction to a grant or conveyance of property, stating that upon the happening or not happening of a stated event, the estate shall be changed in some manner.
CONDITION PRECEDENT
A condition to be performed before an agreement becomes effective or some right vests or accrues.
CONDITION SUBSEQUENT
A condition following an agreement, the happening of which changes the estate.
CONDITIONAL COMMITMENT
A loan commitment given before a borrower (buyer) is obtained, and subject to approval of the buyer by the lender.
CONDITIONAL OFFER
An offer conditioned upon some event, such as the buyer being approved for a loan, an appraisal above a certain amount or a favorable termite report.
CONDITIONAL SALE OF REAL PROPERTY
See: Land Contract.
CONDITIONAL SALES CONTRACT
A sale in which the title to property or goods remains with the seller until the purchaser has fulfilled the terms of the contract, usually payment in full. See also: Land Contract.
CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT
Approval by the government body that controls zoning of a use not permitted by the zoning. The procedure is less complicated than applying for a change of zoning.
CONDOMINIUM
A structure of two or more units, the interior space of which are individually owned; the balance of the property (both land and building) is owned in common by the owners of the individual units. The size of each unit is measured from the interior surfaces (exclusive of paint or other finishes) of the exterior walls, floors, and ceiling. The balance of the property is called the common area.
CONDOMINIUM CONVERSION
The changing of rental property (two or more units) to condominium ownership. Physical changes, as well as paperwork, may be necessary to conform to building and safety codes.
CONDOMINIUM MAP (PLAN)
A recorded map showing the condominium units and common area. The map includes both horizontal and vertical measurements of the units. It is important that the map agree with the declaration of restrictions (recorded at the same time).
CONDOMINIUM OWNER'S ASSOCIATION
See: Home Owner's Association(2).
CONDUCTION
Transmission of electricity or heat through a conductor.
CONDUCTOR
A material (usually metal) which can transmit electrical current or heat.
CONDUIT
A natural channel for the flow of water, or artificial channel, such as a pipe, used for conveying and protecting water, wires, or other materials.See Which: Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit.
CONDUIT SYSTEM
A system of metal casings (conduits) containing wiring and conductors.
CONDUIT, ELECTRICAL
A metal pipe, usually flexible, through which electrical wiring is installed.
CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT
The written, voluntary, submission of a debtor to a judgment by a creditor for a specified amount.
CONFIGURATION
Outline of a shape.
CONFIRMATION DEED
See: Rerecording.
CONFIRMATION OF SALE
See: Order Confirming Sale.
CONFORMING LOAN
A mortgage loan that follows the requirements for sale in the secondary market to FHLMC or FNMA.
CONFORMITY, PRINCIPLE OF
An appraisal term stating that general uniformity of structures in an area produces highest value.
CONGRUOUS
Suitable or appropriate. In appraisal, a property which conforms to the area.
CONSANGUINITY
Blood relationship, rather than legal relationship (through marriage).See also: Affinity.
CONSENT JUDGMENT
A written agreement between plaintiff and defendant to have a judgment entered and recorded. Although the court does no actual finding for one party or the other, the judgment, once approved by the court, is binding on both parties.
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
Damages created by a change in other property. An owner's right to compensation varies with state statutes. See also: Lateral Support: Inverse Condemnation.
CONSERVATION
(1) Care and preservation of natural resources. (2) Preservation, though zoning, of improved areas to maintain the quality of the area.
CONSERVATOR
A guardian, court appointed.
CONSIDERATION
Anything which is, legally, of value, and induces one to enter into a contract.
CONSOLIDATION
(1) The coming together, either through merger or partial ownership, of two or more companies. (2) The solidification of loose material or liquid, usually under pressure.
CONSTANT
See: Loan Constant.
CONSTANT PAYMENT LOAN
See: Interest Included Note.
CONSTRUCTION COST
The total cost of building, including overhead and profits as well as land, labor, and materials.
CONSTRUCTION LOAN
Short term financing of real estate construction. Generally followed by long term financing called a "take out" loan, issued upon completion of improvements.
CONSTRUCTIVE EVICTION
(1) Regarding a landlord and tenant relationship, constructive eviction is any act by the landlord which substantially interferes with the tenant's use and enjoyment of the leased property, but is not actual eviction. (2) The inability of the buyer to obtain possession because of a superior title of a third party. This constitutes a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment warranted by the seller.
CONSTRUCTIVE MORTGAGE
See: Equitable Mortgage.
CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE
Notice given by publishing in a newspaper, recording, or other method which legally notifies the parties involved, but may not actually notify them.
CONSTRUCTIVE RECEIPT
The controlling by the taxpayer of funds from the sale of the relinquished property under a 1031 exchange rather than direct reinvestment into the replacement property. This will cause the taxpayer to lose the tax free status.
CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST
A trust created by operation of law to change an inequitable situation. If one acquires title to property through fraud, the court will hold that the legal owner holds in trust for those who really should have ownership. Also called an involuntary trust.
CONSUMER LENDING
Loans made for personal property, such as automobiles, appliances, etc.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
See: Cost of Living Index.
CONSUMER REPORTING BUREAU
See: Credit Bureau.
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
A general term encompassing any number of modern designs which do not conform to any traditional architectural styles.
CONTIGUOUS
Near or close to, whether actually touching or not. Generally refers to actual touching or bordering on.
CONTINGENCY
Commonly, the dependence upon a stated event which must occur before a contract is binding. For example: The sale of a house, contingent upon the buyer obtaining financing.
CONTINGENT BENEFICIARY
One who, under the terms of a will or trust, may or may not share in the estate upon the happening of an uncertain event. Example: A leaves property to B when B reaches 30, stipulating that if B dies before 30, property goes to C. C is the contingent beneficiary.
CONTINGENT FEES
Fees to be paid only in the event of a future occurrence. A broker's commission is paid only if the property is sold or leased (unless otherwise agreed upon). Attorneys (especially in negligence cases) may be paid based on winning the suit and collecting damages.
CONTINGENT INTEREST
An interest subject to the occurrence of a specified but uncertain event.
CONTINGENT REMAINDER
A remainder interest uncertain as to the persons in interest or the occurrence of an event. Example: A grants to B for life, then to the children of C. At the time of the grant C has no children but may have when B dies.
CONTOUR FURROWS
Furrows plowed laterally across a slope to control water running down the slope.
CONTOUR LINE
(1) A line showing the shape (outline) of a parcel of land or body of water. (2) A line on a topographical map connecting all portions of the property which have the same elevation.
CONTOUR MAP
A map which uses lines (most always curved) to outline the configuration and elevation of surface areas.
CONTRACT
A legally enforceable promise or agreement consisting of offer, acceptance and consideration or a legally acceptable consideration substitute.
CONTRACT FOR DEED
See: Land Contract.
CONTRACT OF SALE
In some areas of the country, synonymous with land contract. In other areas synonymous with purchase agreement.
CONTRACT RATE
The interest rate on a specific note as opposed to the market rate.
CONTRACT RENT
Rent paid under a lease. The actual rent as opposed to the market rental value of the property.
CONTRACTOR
See: General Contractor; Subcontractor.
CONTRACTOR'S OVERHEAD
Expenses over and above labor and materials, such as return on money invested, carrying costs of land, office expense, interest on loans, etc.
CONTRACTOR'S PROFIT
Price at which property is sold, less costs of land, labor and materials, and overhead.
CONTRACTUAL LIEN
A voluntary lien such as a mortgage or deed of trust.
CONTRIBUTION
(1) The right of one who pays a common liability to recover from the others who share the liability. Example: A, B and C own property. A pays the property tax. A may recover from B and C that portion which B and C should have paid. (2) Decreasing the gifts in a will to pay creditors of the estate or those entitled to a portion of the estate who have been omitted. See also: Abatement.
CONTROL
Referring to traffic, the term is used to indicate a traffic light or stop sign at an intersection, which slows (controls) traffic. A retail site, such as a gas station or fast food restaurant, prefers a corner location with control.
CONTROLLED ACCESS HIGHWAY
See: Limited Access Highway.
CONTROLS
In government projects such as urban renewal, the limits on use, density, and other limits which would be contained in zoning laws in a private venture.
CONVECTION
In heating, the motion created by the gravitational pull on air or water at different temperatures, and therefore, different densities.
CONVENTIONAL LOAN
A mortgage or deed of trust not obtained under a government insured program, (such as F.H.A. or V.A.).
CONVENTIONAL MORTGAGE
See: Conventional Loan.
CONVERSION
(1) A legal term referring to the "legal" changing from real to personal property (or vice versa), although there is no actual change in the property. (2) A taking of something for one's own use which was originally in his possession only to hold for the owner. (3) The changing of an apartment to a condominium.
CONVERTIBILITY CLAUSE
The provision in a convertible adjustable rate mortgage giving the borrower the option of changing to a fixed rate at specified times during the term of the mortgage.
CONVERTIBLE ADJUSTABLE RATE MORTGAGE
An adjustable rate mortgage that gives the borrower the option to change to a fixed rate at specified times during the term of the loan.
CONVERTIBLE MORTGAGE
A mortgage which enables the lender to take (convert to) an equity (ownership) position in the collateral security (real estate) as opposed to that of a lienholder.
CONVEX
Having an angle or curvature greater than 180 degrees.
CONVEY
To transfer title to property. See also: Conveyance.
CONVEYANCE
Transfer of title to land. Includes most instruments by which an interest in real estate is created, mortgaged, or assigned.
CONVEYANCE TAX
See: Transfer Tax.
COOP
A structure to shelter chickens.
COOPERATING BROKER
The broker who finds the buyer and so shares in the commission with the listing broker.
COOPERATION CLAUSE
A clause in the purchase agreements of both the relinquished and replacement properties in a 1031 exchange stating that the parties agree to do what is required (cooperate) by the IRS rules.
COOPERATIVE
See: Stock Cooperative.
COOPERATIVE APARTMENT
Also called a stock cooperative or a co-op. A structure of two or more units in which the right to occupy a unit is obtained by the purchase of stock in the corporation which owns the building. Difficult to obtain financing because there is not individual ownership of each unit. A forerunner of the condominium.
COPING
The top or "cap" of a wall, usually convex to permit the runoff of water.
COPSE
A small wooded area. A thicket of trees or bushes.
CORBEL
A timber or stone, set in and projecting from a wall, and used to support a load.
CORD
A measure, usually associated with cut wood. 128 cubic feet of cut wood, or a pile 4' high, 4' wide, and 8' long.
CORNER
Most commonly, the acute angle formed by intersecting streets or walls.
CORNER BEAD
A reinforcement placed in corners before plastering. Commonly a strip of iron with metal lath.
CORNER BOARDS
The boards (trim) covering the outside corners of a frame building.
CORNER BRACES
Braces nailed diagonally to the studs as a reinforcement at corners.
CORNER INFLUENCE
In appraisal, the effect on the value of a property because it is on a corner or near a corner.
CORNER LOT
A lot contiguous to two intersecting streets, and, for purposes of value, having access to both streets.
CORNICE
The "crowning" member of a wall. The top molding or facade, generally of a decorative nature.
CORPORATE RESOLUTION
An action taken by vote of the directors of a corporation. A title insurance company may require a corporate resolution before insuring a sale or loan made by a corporation.
CORPORATION
A general term encompassing any group of people "incorporating" by following certain statutory procedures. Most common type of corporation is a private one formed to carry on a business.
CORPOREAL
Concerning material objects or property, rather than non-material things, such as ideas. A machine would be corporeal; the patent for it would be incorporeal.
CORPOREAL PROPERTY
That property which can be touched. For example: A window (glass) is corporeal. The view through the window is incorporeal.
CORPUS
A body; of people, laws, etc.
CORRECTION DEED
See: Rerecording.
CORRECTION LINES
See: Standard Parallels.
CORRELATION
The use of different appraisal methods to reach an estimate of value of a property. The methods must be weighed as to relative value in each specific appraisal.
CORRIDOR
(1) A hallway or passageway. (2) A strip of land used as a passageway, such as an inland country's outlet to the sea, or between heavily populated areas.
COSIGNER
See: Co-Maker.
COST
Technically, the original amount paid for anything. The term is generally used as a synonym for value or the total amount invested, including expenses after the original purchase.
COST APPROACH
An appraisal method, estimating the replacement cost of a structure, less depreciation, plus land value.
COST ESTIMATING
(1) In construction, the expenditure of building based on a detailed cost of materials to be used. (2) In appraisal the term is general, referring to replacement cost, but not limited to a specific method of arriving at said cost.
COST OF FUNDS INDEX (COFI)
See: COFI.
COST OF LIVING ESCALATION
See: Escalation Clause (2).
COST OF LIVING INDEX
A government indicator of the increase or decrease of living costs for the average person on a monthly basis. See also: Escalation Clause (2).
COST OF OCCUPANCY
Cost (usually monthly) of a business to occupy its property exclusive of any costs of doing business.
COST OF REMODELING
Expense of alterations to raise the value of a property, rather than to make repairs.
COST OF REPAIRS
Expenses to maintain the value of a property by restoring the worn- out or broken parts of the structure.
COST RECOVERY
See: Depreciation (2).
COST-PLUS CONTRACT
A building contract setting the builder's profit at a set percentage of actual cost of labor and materials.
COTENANCY
A general term covering both joint tenancy and tenancy in common.
COTTAGE
Originally, a house with no surrounding land belonging to it. Modernly, a small house, perhaps used as a summer home.
COULOMB
A measure of electricity equal to a one second electrical charge in a current having a constant flow of one ampere.
COUNSELOR (COUNSELLOR)
(1) A lawyer. (2) One designated as a real estate counselor by the American Society of Real Estate Counselors. The designation indicates an extremely high standard of knowledge and experience on the part of the conferee.
COUNSELOR OF REAL ESTATE (CRE)
A designation conferred by the Counselors of Real Estate, an affiliated association of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS. The designation is not just for those in the real estate business but includes lawyers, accountants, financial firms, government employees and educators.
COUNSELORS OF REAL ESTATE
An association affiliated with the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS. Its members provide counseling in various aspects of real estate. The association offers publications and courses in counseling and confers the designation of Counselor of Real Estate.
COUNTER FLASHING
Flashing (tar substance) used on chimneys at the roofline to prevent entry of moisture, and cover the metal sheet flashing.
COUNTER OFFER
An offer (instead of acceptance) in response to an offer. For example: A offers to buy B's house for X dollars. B, in response, offers to sell to A at a higher price. B's offer to A is a counter offer.
COUNTER-LETTER
In civil law (Louisiana), when a deed is given to a lender as security, an agreement to reconvey (counter-letter) upon payment of a certain amount is given by the lender.
COUNTY
A political division within a state, usually encompassing one or more cities or towns. There are exceptions such as New York City which contains more than one county. Louisiana uses the word parrish instead of county; New York uses both borough and county, as in Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn).
COUNTY MORTGAGE
A mortgage placed on property by the county to secure aid given to indigent persons. Generally paid upon sale of the property. Also called an indigent mortgage.
COUNTY RECORDS
Public recorded documents by which notice is given of changes of title, liens, and other matters affecting real estate.
COUNTY ROAD
(1) A road lying entirely in one county. (2) Any road or portion of a road under the jurisdiction and maintenance of the county. (3) Loosely, any road not a federal or state road.
COURSE
(1) The path or direction of a river. (2) Something designed so that it must be used by following a certain direction, such as a golf course or race course. (3) A continuous row or layer of wood, bricks, masonry, etc.
COURSES AND DISTANCES
Terminology used in surveying, meaning metes and bounds. See also: Metes and Bounds.
COURT
(1) A totally uncovered space, wholly or partly surrounded by walls or buildings. (2) A blind alley, short street, or short cul de sac. (3) A courtroom.
COURTESY TO BROKERS
Willingness of a seller to pay a commission to any broker supplying a suitable buyer; or the willingness of a listing broker to share the commission with any broker supplying a suitable buyer.
COVE
(1) An arched, rather than square angle, meeting of a ceiling and wall. (2) An inlet or small bay.
COVE MOLDING
A small, concave faced molding, used to cover a narrow gap or angle.
COVENANT
Generally, almost any written agreement. Most commonly in real estate, assurances set forth (expressed) in a deed by the grantor or implied by law. Example: Covenant against encumbrances, covenant of right to convey, etc.
COVENANT NOT TO COMPETE
A promise (covenant) usually by a seller of a business, not to operate a competitive business after the sale. The more specific the restriction (time limit, distance, etc.), the more easily it is enforceable.
COVENANT OF QUIET ENJOYMENT
Usually inserted in leases or conveyances whereby lessor or grantor promises that the tenant or grantee shall enjoy possession of the premises in peace and without disturbance caused by defective title.
COVENANTS RUNNING WITH THE LAND
See: Running With The Land.
COVENANTS, CONDITIONS, AND RESTRICTIONS
See: CC&R's.
CPA
See: Certified Public Accountant.
CPM
See: Certified Property Manager.
CRA
See: Community Reinvestment Act.
CRADLE
(1) A framework or support, built to shield or protect its contents. (2) The path prepared to catch a falling tree to prevent damage to the tree.
CRAMDOWN
A term used in chapter 13 (wage earner restructuring debt) bankruptcy. A secured loan is reduced when the loan balance exceeds the reasonable value of the collateral security. The amount above that value becomes unsecured. Used mainly for personal property loans but now starting to be used for mortgage loans. A portion of the mortgage, if it exceeds the value of the property, can become an unsecured loan.
CRAWL SPACE
A space between the ground and the first floor of a structure (usually a house). Repair of utilities under the house may be made by a person crawling through the shallow space.
CRB
See: Certified Real Estate Brokerage Manager.
CREATIVE FINANCING
A general term which encompasses any method of financing property going beyond traditional real estate lending.
CREDIT
(1) The financial worthiness of a borrower. The history of whether this borrower has met financial obligations on time in the past. (2) An accounting term designating money received or receivable, as opposed to debit which is money payed or payable.
CREDIT BUREAU
A company that compiles information on a person's credit history. Also called a Consumer Reporting Bureau.
CREDIT BUREAU SCORE
A number representing the credit worthiness of a potential borrower.
CREDIT ENHANCEMENT
The requirement of additional collateral security, such as mortgage insurance, to protect a lender against loss.
CREDIT HISTORY
The past and present debts of a potential borrower. It is used to see if the person pays obligations as agreed and whether any past defaults have led to judgments or bankruptcy.
CREDIT LIFE INSURANCE
See: Mortgage Life Insurance.
CREDIT LINE REVERSE MORTGAGE
A maximum amount is established as a line of credit. The borrower can write checks up to this amount. This loan allows repayment and reborrowing during the life of the loan, but does not require repayment until the loan ends. This occurs either at the borrower's sale of the property or the borrower's death. See also: Reverse Mortgage.
CREDIT REPORT
A report on the past ability of a loan applicant to pay installment payments. Several national and local companies make such reports.
CREDIT REPOSITORY
See: Credit bureau.
CREDITOR
One who is owed money.
CREDITOR'S COMPOSITION
An agreement by creditors to take a portion of a debt as satisfaction for the total due. Generally done to avoid a debtor having to declare bankruptcy.
CREDITOR'S POSITION
(1) The portion of the value of property which is mortgaged, rather than the equity. (2) The portion of the value of property upon which a first mortgage could be obtained.
CREEK
(1) An inlet, going deeper into land than a cove. (2) A stream which empties into a river or bay.
CRICKET
A small, convex roof, placed on a larger roof or surface, to promote drainage in areas of the surface which have barriers to said drainage.
CROFT
An obsolete term referring to a small farm or area to be farmed.
CROP
A specific harvest in a single growing season, such as the corn crop, apple crop, etc.
CROP ROTATION
The planting of crops such as peas and beans (leguminous plants), which add nitrogen to the soil, on an alternating basis with crops such as corn, wheat, etc., which take nitrogen from the soil.
CROPLAND
(1) Any land suited for farming (the growing of crops). (2) Land upon which crops are actually grown or growing.
CROSS CONNECTING ROAD
A road connecting two parallel roads, usually at a right angle.
CROSS SECTION
The surface exposed by cutting at a right angle to an axis (usually the longer axis) of an object.
CROSS-BRIDGING
Strengthening a structure by bracing cross members between the joists, thereby spreading the weight over a larger area.
CROWN MOLDING
A large molding used on a cornice or to cover a wide gap or angle.
CRS
See: Certified Residential Specialist.
CRUISE
A surveying report showing the amount and type of timber in a given area or stand.
CRV
See: Certificate of Reasonable Value.
CUBIC CONTENT
The number of cubic feet in a building, measured from the exterior surfaces of the exterior walls and roof, and the interior surface of an unfinished floor or six inches below the finished surface of the floor.
CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE
An air flow measure used to grade the efficiency of ventilating fans.
CUBIC FOOT
See: Cubic Measure.
CUBIC FOOT COST
The cost of construction of a structure, divided by the number of cubic feet of the structure. See: Cubic Content.
CUBIC FOOT METHOD
See: Comparative Method.
CUBIC FOOT PER SECOND
A flow of water of one cubic foot per second. Used as a measurement term in determining the flow of a river or stream.
CUBIC INCH
See: Cubic Measure.
CUBIC MEASURE
A system of measuring volume or space by using cubic units. One cubic inch is 1 inch long by 1 inch wide by 1 inch high; 1728 cubic inches equals 1 cubic foot; 27 cubic feet equals 1 cubic yard.
CUBIC YARD
See: Cubic Measure.
CUL DE SAC
A street or ally open at one end only. Modernly, a street in a subdivision, open at one end, and having a large, rounded, closed end to facilitate U turns.
CULTURA
A parcel of land which can be cultivated.
CULTURAL FEATURES
A term denoting man made changes to land.
CULVERT
A waterway or drainage ditch which crosses under a road.
CUPOLA
(1) A structure, usually domelike, atop a roof. (2) A type of foundry furnace for melting iron.
CURABLE DEPRECIATION
Repairs which an owner of real estate should make to retain a high value, but which have not been made.
CURABLE FUNCTIONAL OBSOLESCENCE
See: Functional Obso-lescence.
CURABLE PHYSICAL DETERIORATION
See: Physical Deterioration.
CURB CUTS
The part of a curb which lowers to street level to form the apron of a driveway.
CURB LINE
The line between the right of way for automobiles (road) and the right of way for pedestrians (sidewalk).
CURRENT ASSETS
An accounting term meaning cash or those things which can be readily converted to cash, such as short term accounts receivable.
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Short term debts.
CURTAIL SCHEDULE
The schedule of partial principal payments (both amounts and due dates) to reduce and retire an indebtedness.
CURTAIN WALL
An outside wall which lends no structural support to a building, but acts merely to enclose.
CURTESY
A common law interest of a husband in the property of his deceased wife. Abolished in most states.
CURTILAGE
The grounds and secondary buildings surrounding a house which are commonly used in connection with the everyday use of the house.
CURVILINEAR
Having boundaries of curved lines; may refer to architecture, streets, etc.
CUSTODIAN
(1) One who is entrusted with the care and keeping of real or personal property. See also: Custody. (2) A janitor.
CUSTODY
The care and keeping of property (real or personal). For example: An escrow agent has custody of documents and funds until closing.
CUSTOM BUILDER
One who builds for a specific owner, designing the building to suit said owner's need, rather than building and then looking for a buyer.
CUSTOMER
A buyer of goods or services.
CUT-OVER LAND
Land from which the original growth has been cut away by logging.
CUTS
In construction, the excavation of land into a terrace or terraces, to control flooding, locate a highway, building, or affect the grade for some other purpose.
CY PRES
As nearly as possible. A doctrine used to carry out the intent of the donor when a specific charitable gift fails. Example: Land is left in a will to the X Blood Bank. When the will is probated, X Blood Bank no longer exists. The land is given to the Red Cross.
CYCLICAL MOVEMENT
A term in economics describing the business cycle of the national economy, from good to bad to good again.
DADO
(1) To secure by setting in a groove. (2) To make a rectangular groove in a board or plank.
DALE
A valley between hills or other high ground.
DAM
An earthen, metal, masonry, or wooden wall or barrier across a flow of water, which is used to restrict or prevent the water from flowing.
DAMAGES
(1) Money recoverable by one suffering a loss or injury. (2) The loss of value to property adjoining a property taken in condemnation proceedings, rather than the value of the property taken.
DAMPER
An adjustable plate in the flue of a fireplace or furnace, which is used to control the draft from the flames.
DARK STORE CLAUSE
A clause usually found in a retail store percentage lease stating that the tenant must stay open for business at the site for the full term of the lease, and limits the tenant's right to open a competitive business.
DATA PLANT
Information on real property, filed and held by an appraiser, lender, etc.
DATED DATE
Indicates the date a document was executed (signed), rather than the date of recording (recording date).
DATUM
A position from which distances are measured.
DATUM LINE
A horizontal line from which heights and depths are measured. Varies with the area but is usually set forth in the local building code.
DBA (DOING BUSINESS AS)
An identification of the owner or owners of a business and the business name. Not a partnership or corporation.
DE
Latin for of; by; from; concerning.
DEAD LOAD
(1) Most commonly, the weight of a truck, exclusive of cargo. (2) The weight of a building or other structure, including furnaces, air conditioning units, elevators, and other permanent machinery, but not furniture, people, or inventory of a business in the structure.
DEAD RENT
A term used in mining to indicate the fixed annual rent, exclusive of royalties. In commercial percentage leases, usually called minimum rent or base rent.
DEAD-END STREET
A street having ingress and egress at one end only. Differs from a cul de sac in that the dead-end street does not have an enlarged area at the closed end for U turns.
DEALER
One who buys and sells real estate as a business, as opposed to an investor. The importance of the term is for tax purposes. If IRS determines that a taxpayer is a dealer, said taxpayer will not be allowed the capital gains benefits of an investor, but will be taxed at ordinary income rates. The term applies to the transactions more than the person. One may be a dealer in certain transactions and an investor in others.
DEAMORTIZATION
A term used to describe a loan with payments that begin at less than interest only.
DEATH RATE
Number of deaths in a given area in a given time. Based on a per 100 or per 1000 population.
DEBENTURE
Unsecured indebtedness, usually long-term. Most common debentures are in the form of bonds.
DEBENTURE BOND
See: Debenture.
DEBENTURE STOCK
See: Debenture .
DEBIT
An accounting term used to designate a payment or owing, as opposed to a credit which is a receiving or being owed.
DEBT
Money owing from one person to another.
DEBT EQUITY RATIO
The ratio of the mortgage balance to the owner's equity.
DEBT FINANCING
Borrowing money rather than selling ownership interests (equity financing). For example: A corporation would get a loan or issue bonds as a means of debt financing. The corporation would issue stock or use retained earnings as a means of equity financing.
DEBT RATIO
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of a borrower's monthly expenses to gross monthly income. There are two ratios. The first is the expense of the property to income. This includes the mortgage payment, taxes and insurance. The second is the total expense to income. This includes car payments, credit card payments, etc. Acceptable numbers for almost any loan would be 25% property expense to income and 35% total expense to income. The percentages may be much higher, especially for a hard money mortgage.
DEBT SERVICE
(1) The periodic payment of mortgages or trust deeds on a specific property. (2) The interest payments of said mortgages or trust deeds. (3) Sometimes loosely used for the total amount owing on said mortgages or trust deeds.
DEBT-TO-INCOME RATIO
See: Debt Ratio.
DEBTOR
One who owes a debt.
DEBTOR'S POSITION
Value of property over the amount of mortgages. Commonly called the equity.
DECEDENT
Originally, one who was dying. Modernly, one who is dead.
DECENTRALIZATION
The movement of people and businesses from a central area (a city or downtown area) to more scattered positions (surrounding suburbs).
DECIBEL
A unit of measurement for sound or noise levels. Some states require a builder to make a purchaser aware of the noise level in given areas (usually near airports).
DECIDUOUS TREES
Those which shed their leaves or fruit at seasonal intervals.
DECK
Any flat surface which resembles the deck of a ship, and is not enclosed. A flat area on a roof, roof of a porch, etc.
DECK PAINT
An exterior paint having a high resistance to wear, and used in areas of heavy use, such as a porch.
DECK ROOF
A flat roof without parapets.
DECLARATION
See: Declaration of Restrictions; Restriction; Condo-minium Map.
DECLARATION OF HOMESTEAD
See: Homestead.
DECLARATION OF RESTRICTIONS
A set of restrictions filed by a subdivider to cover an entire tract or subdivision.
DECLARATION OF TRUST
A written acknowledgement by one holding legal title to property that the property is held in trust for the benefit of another.
DECLARATORY JUDGMENT
A determination by a court as to the legal rights of the plaintiff, with no order for relief. The judgement is binding on future litigation.
DECLINING BALANCE METHOD OF DEPRECIATION
Depreciation by a fixed annual percentage of the balance after deducting each yearly depreciation amount.
DECORATE
To adorn or add to the beauty of something. Connotes only superficial changes, but in some areas, is used to indicate major repair.
DECREE
The judgment of a court.
DECREE OF DISTRIBUTION
The final determination of the rights of heirs to receive the property of an estate.
DEDICATED
Property given by an owner for public use.
DEDICATION
The giving by an owner of private property for public use, and the acceptance by the proper public authority. Most commonly the dedication by a builder of the streets in a subdivision.
DEED
Actually, any one of many conveyancing or financing instruments, but generally a conveyancing instrument, given to pass fee title to property upon sale.
DEED BOOK
See: Liber.
DEED IN LIEU
See: Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure.
DEED IN LIEU OF FORECLOSURE
A deed given by an owner/borrower to a lender to prevent the lender from bringing foreclosure proceedings. The validity of the deed depends to some degree on "fairness" under the circumstances, and adequacy of consideration will be considered.
DEED OF RECONVEYANCE
See: Reconveyance.
DEED OF TRUST
An instrument used in many states in place of a mortgage. Property is transferred to a trustee by the borrower (trustor), in favor of the lender (beneficiary), and reconveyed upon payment in full.
DEED POLL
The common form of deed executed by the grantor(s) only. When the grantee(s) also execute the deed (perhaps to accept certain restrictions or liens), it is an indenture deed (see which).
DEED RESTRICTIONS
Limitations on the use of property placed in the conveyancing deed by the grantor, which bind all future owners.
DEFAULT
An omission or failure to perform a legal duty.
DEFAULT JUDGMENT
A judgment entered against a party who fails to appear in court at the scheduled time.
DEFAULT RATIO
The point at which income producing property fails to carry itself (pay operating expenses and mortgage payments). It is determined by the ratio of occupied units to total units.
DEFEASANCE DEED
A deed, made collaterally with a conveyancing deed, which imposes conditions which, if met, will defeat the conveyance.
DEFEASIBLE TITLE
Title which is not absolute but possibly may be annulled or voided at a later date. For example: Title conveyed to A with condition that if A marries before age 30, title will go to B. A's title may be good (doesn't marry) or may be defeated (marries before 30).
DEFECTIVE TITLE
(1) Title to a negotiable instrument obtained by fraud. (2) Title to real property which lacks some of the elements necessary to transfer good title.
DEFENDANT
The person against whom a civil or criminal action is brought.
DEFERRED EXCHANGE
A process whereby the taxpayer sells the relinquished property and purchases the replacement property at a later date. The process must conform to the rules of IRS code section 1031 in order to gain the tax benefits. See also: Concurrent Exchange; Reverse Exchange.
DEFERRED INTEREST
Interest that is postponed (deferred) until a later date. This would occur if a borrower was paying less than interest only on a loan.
DEFERRED MAINTENANCE
Repairs necessary to put a property in good condition. A concern of a purchaser. An owner may have an account for such maintenance.
DEFERRED PAYMENT LOANS (DPLS)
Reverse mortgages that give the borrower a lump sum of cash to repair or improve a home; usually offered by state or local governments.
DEFERRED PAYMENTS
(1) Payments to begin at a future time. (2) Installment payments.
DEFICIENCY JUDGMENT
Commonly, the amount for which the borrower is personally liable on a note and mortgage if the foreclosure sale does not bring enough to cover the debt. Actually the judgment is for the total amount and not for the deficiency, the recovery from the foreclosure sale being deducted from this amount.
DEFLATION
A decrease in the supply of money and credit. The value of money is increased in relation to what it will buy (price drop). Opposite of inflation.
DEGREE
(1) A geometric measure. 360 degrees makes a circle; 180 degrees a straight line; 90 degrees a right angle, etc. Used in metes and bounds descriptions to show the direction the boundaries follow. A degree is itself divided by minutes and seconds, 60 minutes making 1 degree, and 60 seconds making 1 minute. (2) A term used in inheritance to show the closeness of blood relationships. (3) Extent, such as 1st degree murder. (4) That which is received upon graduation from school, such as a law degree.
DELAYED RECONVEYANCE
A reconveyance of a deed of trust which is issued and recorded after transfer of title and issuance of title insurance (not showing the deed of trust). Usually occurs when the lender is in another state and will not issue the reconveyance until paid in full.
DELEGATE (DELEGATEE)
One to whom a duty under a contract is transferred.
DELEGATION
The transfer of a duty under a contract. The opposite of assignment, which is the transfer of a right.
DELEGATOR
One who transfers a duty under a contract.
DELINQUENCY
An overdue amount owing on a loan.
DELIVERY
In conveyancing, the placing of the property in the actual or constructive possession of the grantee. Usually accomplished by delivery of a deed to the buyer or agent of the buyer, or by recording said deed.
DELTA
(1) The Greek letter used to symbolize a change in percentage. When capitalizing yield for valuation of income property, it represents the anticipated percentage change in the value of the property over the period projected. (2) The land formed at the mouth of a river where it meets tidal water.
DEMAND
(1) The quantity of goods which can be sold at a specified price, in a given market, at a particular time. (2) A letter from a lender showing the amount due in order to pay off a mortgage or trust deed.
DEMAND DEPOSIT
Any deposit which may be withdrawn upon demand. For trust funds, non interest bearing deposits.
DEMAND NOTE
A note having no date for repayment, but due on demand of the lender.
DEMINIMIS PUD
A planned unit development having very limited common area.
DEMISE
A lease or conveyance for life or years. Loosely used to describe any conveyance, whether in fee, for life, or for years.
DEMISING WALL
A wall separating tenants in the same building.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Statistics. Commonly refers to statistical information required by certain businesses (especially chain stores) regarding a possible new location.
DEMURRER
A legal term whereby one party states that even if the other party's facts or allegations are true, there is still no cause of action.
DENSITY
(1) The degree of crowding together of people or buildings. (2) Weight or thickness.
DEPARTMENT OF REAL ESTATE
That department of the state government responsible for the licensing and regulation of persons engaged in the real estate business. The person heading the department is usually called The Real Estate Commissioner. Other names for the department are The Division of Real Estate and The Real Estate Commission.
DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS
Formerly the Veterans Administration.
DEPLETION
The reduction or exhaustion of an asset, such as a wasting asset, and its corresponding loss of value.
DEPLETION RATE
Percentage of the total amount of a wasting asset (oil, minerals, etc.) to be mined, drilled or otherwise used yearly.
DEPONENT
One who makes a sworn written statement (deposition). If the statement is an affidavit, the maker is called and affiant.
DEPOSIT
(1) Money given by the buyer with an offer to purchase. Shows good faith. Also called earnest money. (2) A natural accumulation of resources (oil, gold, etc.) which may be commercially recovered and marketed.
DEPOSIT RECEIPT
See: Purchase Agreement.
DEPOSITION
Testimony of a witness taken under oath outside of court.
DEPOT
(1) A railroad or bus station. (2) Any place used for the storage and protection of goods.
DEPRECIABLE LIFE
A tax term meaning the number of years used to determine depreciation of an asset (generally a building). The time used is determined by the local IRS office under general guide lines.
DEPRECIABLE PROPERTY
Property on which a useful life can be determined for depreciation. For example: A building is depreciable (has a lifetime) but the land under it is not (lasts forever).
DEPRECIATION
(1) Decrease in value to real property improvements caused by deterioration or obsolescence. (2) A loss in value as an accounting procedure to use as a deduction for income tax purposes. (See specific types of depreciation).
DEPRECIATION METHODS
Accounting methods to compute the decrease in value of an improvement.
DEPRECIATION RESERVE
An account for the amount needed for depreciation caused by time and use of equipment, buildings, etc. Common in accounting of public utilities.
DEPRESSION
The bottom of a business cycle, when production, prices, and purchasing, are usually low, and unemployment is high.
DEPTH CURVE
An appraisal graph showing the increase or decrease in value of lots of equal front footage, as the depth increases or decreases (depth factor).
DEPTH FACTOR
The increase or decrease of the value of a lot as the depth increases or decreases; the frontage remains the same.
DERAIGN
To displace, as by proving something to be false.
DERELICT
Dry land that is exposed by a change in the water line.
DERELICTION
The changing of the water line that exposes dry land.
DEROG
A slang shortening of the word derogatory. Used in reference to information on a credit report.
DESCENT
Technically, to pass by succession (operation of law). Modernly, the term includes passing by will.
DESCRIPTION
See: Legal Description.
DESIGN
A plan of a structure, encompassing all phases of its appearance and function.
DESIST AND REFRAIN
To stop doing what one is doing, and not to start doing it again in the future. The real estate commissioner in some states has the power to issue a desist and refrain order when real estate laws are violated.
DESKTOP APPRAISAL
An appraisal done from the appraiser's desk without a physical inspection of the property. The appraiser uses comparables to estimate value. Usually used for loan rather than sale transactions. The appraisal may sometimes be labeled as a desktop appraisal even if the appraiser has physically inspected the property.
DETACHED
Not connected to. A house with a detached garage, for example, would have no direct access from one to the other.
DETERIORATION
A gradual wearing away of a structure through use or exposure to the elements, rather than a sudden destruction. Also called physical deterioration.
DEVELOPER
(1) A builder. (2) One who prepares the raw land for construction and then sells lots to a builder.
DEVELOPMENT
A planned construction project, rather than simply the building of unrelated buildings.
DEVELOPMENT COST
See: Off-Site Improvements.
DEVELOPMENT LOAN
A loan for the purchase of land or off-site improvements, rather than building costs. The land involved is used to secure the loan.
DEVEST
See: Divest.
DEVISE
Traditionally, a gift by will of real property. Modernly, a gift of either real or personal property. See also: Bequest.
DEVISEE
One to whom real estate is given by will.
DEVISOR
A testator who leaves real estate.
DIAGRAM RULES
A method of determining the boards to be produced from a log by drawing a cross section of the log, and cross sections on it of the boards to be produced, leaving between each board the width of a saw kerf.
DIKE
(1) A barrier erected to restrain the flow of water. A levee. (2) a ditch or channel for water.
DILUVIUM
A deposit of land produced by a flood.
DIMENSION LUMBER
Lumber cut to commonly used sizes or cut to a custom order.
DIMINISHING ASSETS
See: Wasting Assets.
DIMINISHING RETURNS
See: Increasing and Diminishing Returns.
DIRECT COMPENSATION
See: Compensation.
DIRECT COSTS
Construction costs not including overhead.
DIRECT DEEDING
A process whereby the parties to a 1031 exchange deed directly to each other rather than to the accommodator. The process must conform to the rules of IRS section 1031 in order to obtain the tax advantages.
DIRECT ENDORSEMENT
A program allowing private lenders to process and endorse FHA loans. The lender must first be approved by FHA.
DIRECT EXPENSE ESCALATION
See: Escalation Clause(3).
DIRECT REDUCTION MORTGAGE
An amortized mortgage. One on which principal and interest payments are paid at the same time (usually monthly) with interest being computed on the remaining balance.
DIRECT STEAM SYSTEM
A radiator system fed from a steam boiler.
DIRECTIONAL GROWTH
The path of growth of an urban area. Used to determine where future development will be most profitable.
DISBURSEMENTS
Payments made during the course of an escrow or at closing.
DISCHARGE
See: Release.
DISCHARGE OR RELEASE FROM THE MILITARY
To be eligible for a V.A. loan, a person must receive a discharge which is not a dishonorable discharge or have been eligible for such a discharge or release but not received one because of reenlistment.
DISCLAIMER
(1) Statement on a publication attempting to limit liability in the event the information is inaccurate. (2) Renunciation of a claim or right of another. (3) Refusal to accept an estate, either as trustee or as owner.
DISCLOSURE
A form filled out by the owner of a home describing to a potential buyer any defects in the property of which the owner is aware but are not obvious to the buyer. Courts have held that owners may be liable for undisclosed defects of which they "should be aware", even if they have no actual knowledge of them.
DISCOUNT
The difference between face value of an installment note and mortgage or deed of trust, and the present cash value.
DISCOUNT BROKER
A real estate broker charging a lower than the usual commission. The broker will have the seller take on some of the tasks normally performed by the broker, such as showing the property to prospective purchasers.
DISCOUNT FEE
See: Discount Points.
DISCOUNT POINT
The amount of money the borrower or seller must pay the lender to get a mortgage at a stated interest rate. One discount point equals one percent of the loan. For example, each discount point on a $125,000 loan would cost $1250. Discount points allow the borrower to get a better interest rate, and allow the lender to sell the loan at less than face value and still make a profit.
DISCOUNT POINTS
The amount of money the borrower or seller must pay the lender to get a mortgage at a stated interest rate. One discount point equals one percent of the loan. For example, each discount point on a $125,000 loan would cost $1250. Discount points allow the borrower to get a better interest rate, and allow the lender to sell the loan at less than face value and still make a profit.
DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW
The present value of future cash flow, determined by a given discount rate.
DISCRIMINATION
Refusal to sell or rent property or make a loan based on reasons forbidden by federal or state law. This can include race, gender, pregnancy, color, religion, national origin, age, disability or sexual orientation. Discrimination extends beyond real estate to areas such as hiring and firing and refusing admittance to private schools and other organizations. All the reasons above do not apply to all areas.
DISINTERESTED APPRAISAL
An estimate of value of real estate by one having no personal interest in the property.
DISPOSABLE INCOME
See: Spendable Income.
DISPOSAL FIELD
A system of clay tiles and gravel used to dispose of the waste draining from a septic tank. The percolating qualities of the soil determine the extent of the field needed. (Also, called a tile field).
DISPOSITION
The giving up or alienating of property.
DISPOSITION OF REAL ESTATE STATEMENT
A statement that the buyer will occupy the property being purchased even though the buyer owns other property. The buyer states that the other property will be sold or rented. Particulars must be given as to any loan on the property and the equity or rent to payment amounts.
DISPOSSESS PROCEEDINGS
Eviction proceedings by a landlord to remove a tenant from possession because of nonpayment of rent or other breach of the rental agreement. The term is not widely used.
DISSEISIN
A wrongful dispossession of someone seised (in rightful possession) of real property.
DISSOLUTION
A cancellation or annulment of a contract or business association, such as a partnership or corporation.
DISTEMPER
A mixing of paint with egg whites or size, to use as background decoration for a painting on a wall or ceiling.
DISTRAINT
To take (legally or illegally) personal property and keep it until its owner performs an obligation. Commonly, a landlord taking personal property (furniture, etc.) of a tenant until rent is paid.
DISTRESS SALE
A sale of property when the seller is under extreme pressure to sell. Generally the property is sold for less than market value.
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Weight distributed over a surface, such as a floor, or along a beam or other support member, and measured in pounds or tons per square foot of area.
DISTRIBUTION BOX
(1) See: Fuse Box. (2) An underground box which receives the waste from a septic tank and distributes it laterally to a disposal field.
DISTRIBUTION PANEL
A board containing electrical circuits which distribute the main load to branch circuits.
DISTRIBUTION TILE
Tile, usually clay or cement, used in a disposal field.
DISTRICT
An area geographically set apart for a specific purpose, such as a congressional district or drainage district. The boundaries of one may overlap the other.
DITCH
A trench, natural or man made, especially when used for drainage or irrigation.
DIVEST
To take away. The opposite of invest.
DIVIDED INTEREST
Different estates in the same property, such as the interest of owner, lessee, mortgagee, etc.
DIVIDED RATE
See: Split Rate.
DIVIDEND
A dividing into shares of a fund of money or property for distribution, as among shareholders of a corporation. The money or property distributed is the dividend.
DIVIDEND YIELD
Ratio of cash flow to cash invested, expressed as a percentage.
DIVISA
A boundary, commonly of a farm. Seldom used.
DIVISION FENCE
A term used in ranching to describe the fence separating pastures.
DIVISION OF REAL ESTATE
See: Department of Real Estate.
DIVISION WALL
(1)A wall between two buildings, but not a part of either. (2) A wall which divides a building into rooms. Differs from a partition in that it is load-bearing.
DIVORCE
The legal dissolution of a marriage, leaving the parties with the results of the marriage (includes alimony, child support, property settlements, etc.) rather than an annulment which puts the parties in the position they were before the marriage.
DOCK
(1) A platform used for loading and unloading ships, trucks, or railroad cars. (2) A landing pier for boats. (3) The part of a courtroom where a prisoner is kept.
DOCTRINE OF ADVANCEMENTS
See: Advancements.
DOCUMENT
See: Instrumen).
DOCUMENT PREPARATION FEE
A charge by an escrow agent, attorney or other person for preparing the documents for a sale or loan.
DOCUMENTARY TAX STAMPS
Stamps, similar to postage stamps, affixed to a deed, showing the amount of transfer tax paid. Most states now "stamp" the deed rather than actually affixing a stamp.
DOCUMENTARY TRANSFER TAX
A state tax on the sale of real property, based on the sale price or equity transferred, being $ .55 for each $500 of the taxable amount in most states. Some states use $1.10 per $1000; $ .50 per $500; $1.00 per $1000.
DOG
A mechanical device for holding logs together in a logging operation; usually has some type of claw which penetrates the wood.
DOLPHIN
(1) A bumper around a boat to prevent damage. (2) A buoy with a ring for mooring.
DOMESTIC CORPORATION
(1) Refers to a state rather than a county. For example: In Delaware, a corporation organized under Delaware law would be a domestic corporation. In New York, a corporation organized under Delaware law would be a foreign corporation (foreign to New York). See also: Corporation. (2) In international terms, refers to the country in which the corporation is based. In the U.S., for example, U.S. based corporations are domestic.
DOMICILE
(1) A legal term signifying a place where a person has his permanent home. The most accurate meaning is the layman's understanding of the place where a person "lives", since this takes into consideration the intent of the person to make a particular property his "home". (2) The state or country in which a corporation is chartered (organized), such as a corporation "domiciled" in the U.S.
DOMINANT TENEMENT
A parcel of land which benefits from an easement. For example: An easement exists over parcel A for access to parcel B. Parcel B is the dominant tenement; parcel A is the servient tenement.
DONEE
One who receives a gift.
DONOR
One who gives a gift.
DOOR
A sliding or hinged structure, covering an opening to a cupboard, closet, room, building, etc. May be used as an entrance or exit. Usually constructed of wood, glass, or metal, depending on its service.
DOOR BUCK
See: Door Jamb.
DOOR JAMB
The members surrounding a door or door opening.
DORMER WINDOW
(1) A window which rises vertically above the roof line of a sloping roof. (2) Originally any bedroom window.
DOUBLE DECLINING BALANCE METHOD OF DEPRECIATION
A use of the declining balance method, but with double the depreciation allowable by straight line. An accelerated method.
DOUBLE ESCROW
Two concurrent escrows on the same property, having the same party as buyer and seller of the property. Example: Escrow 1-A buys from B. Escrow 2-A sells the same property to C. A is using C's money to buy B's property. The process is illegal in many states unless full disclosure is made.
DOUBLE FLOOR
A floor and subfloor, both of wood.
DOUBLE FRAMING
A method of adding strength to framing by doubling the amount of structural supports.
DOUBLE GABLED ROOF
See: M Roof.
DOUBLE GLAZING
See: Thermal Window.
DOUBLE HOUSE
See: Duplex.
DOUBLE PITCH
The most common roof for houses, coming to a crest at the center and sloping away in two directions.
DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW
A window which opens vertically from the top and bottom, containing two separate sashes with a locking device, usually at the center where the top of the lower sash meets the bottom of the upper sash.
DOVETAIL JOINT
A joint which interlocks in a zigzag pattern, similar to the tail of a dove.
DOWEL
A cylindrical piece of wood used to join members together by fitting the ends into corresponding holes of the members.
DOWER
A common law interest of a wife in the property of her deceased husband. Being changed in many states by statute to give more equality between men and women in property rights.
DOWN PAYMENT
Cash portion paid by a buyer from his own funds, as opposed to that portion of the purchase price which is financed.
DOWNSPOUT
A pipe leading from the gutters of a roof to the ground and into a sewer or away from the building.
DOWNSTROKE
Slang for down payment.
DOWNTOWN
(1) In a small city or town, the business area. (2) In a larger city, a business section reference to distinguish the area from midtown or uptown.
DOWNZONING
A change in the allowable use of land by the appropriate zoning authority to a lesser (usually less valuable) use. Example: Eight units per acre to four units per acre.
DRAFT CURTAINS
Fire retardant partitions (usually of sheet metal or dry wall) which attach to the interior of a roof, to divide a building in order to prevent the spread of fire within the building.
DRAGNET CLAUSE
A clause in a mortgage or deed of trust which places the real estate as security for existing debts between the parties.
DRAINAGE
(1) The gradual flowing of liquid off a surface. (2) Any system to remove liquid waste or rainwater by having it flow to a designated area.
DRAINAGE DISTRICT
(1) A geographical area under the authority of a single unit of local government which controls the construction and operation of the drainage systems of the area. (2) The governmental body having control over the area drainage systems.
DRAINAGE DITCH
Any open water channel, natural or man made, used for drainage.
DRAW
(1) Portions of a construction loan, given after certain stages of completion. (2) An advance against future income.
DREDGE
(1) A machine which drags over the bottom of a waterway, to excavate or gather. (2) To excavate or gather by using a dredge.
DRESS
To finish or ornament, such as lumber, masonry, a facing of a building, etc.
DRESSER DRAWER TITLE
The failure to record evidence of title; instead, placing it in a "dresser drawer". Also called: Trunk Title.
DRIFT
The stress or thrust of an arch in a horizontal direction.
DRIFT FENCE
A barrier to prevent cattle from "drifting" into an area as they graze. The fence does not form an enclosure.
DRIP
(1) A small pipe, used to drain larger pipes of condensation. (2) A projection from a roof edge or sill to throw off rainwater. See also: Drip Cap.
DRIP CAP
A molding which projects from over the exterior of a door or window, forcing rainwater to drip away from the building.
DRIVEWAY
(1) Commonly, a private roadway, paved or unpaved, leading from a public street to a garage or other shelter for an automobile. (2) An entrance to private land for any purpose, to be used by a motor vehicle.
DROP SIDING
A siding applied to the exterior of a frame structure by tongue and groove method.
DROUGHT
Lack of water due to insufficient rainfall over an extended period of time.
DRUMLIN
A long narrow hill of glacial deposit, sometimes trapping water and so forming a swamp at its foot.
DRY MORTGAGE
A lien which places no personal liability on the mortgagor, looking only to the property for security.
DRY ROT
A fungal decay of seasoned wood.
DRY-WALL CONSTRUCTION
Type of construction by which the interior wall is attached in a dry condition, generally as sheet materials, as contrasted to wet plaster application.
DUAL AGENCY
The representation of opposing principals (buyer and seller) at the same time. In brokerage many states get around this by saying that the agent aids the buyer but is the agent of the seller only. A problem arises if both buyer and seller pay the broker. Then full disclosure must be made. An escrow agent is the agent of buyer and seller and usually paid by both. This is why an escrow agent must be neutral.
DUCES TACUM
(Latin: Bring With You) An order, usually a subpoena, to bring records, documents, etc. for court examination.
DUCTS
Any conduit holding gas, water, electrical wiring, etc., as a means of carrying said gas, water, or electricity from one place to another.
DUE-ON-SALE-CLAUSE
See: Alienation Clause.
DUE-ON-TRANSFER PROVISION
See: Alienation Clause.
DUFF
Organic matter, mostly leaves, in various stages of decomposition on the floor of a forest.
DUPLEX
(1) Any building containing exactly two dwelling units. Most commonly refers to the units which are side by side, with a common wall and roof. (2) An apartment on two floors or levels.
DURESS
Forcing one to do that which he would not voluntarily do.
DUTCH DOOR
A door divided horizontally into halves, each opening and closing independent of the other, or latched together to act as one door.
DWELLING UNIT (DWELLING HOUSE)
The apartment, building, or group of buildings, occupied by a person as a residence.
E & O INSURANCE
See: Errors And Omission Insurance.
EA
See: Environmental Assessment.
EARNEST MONEY
See: Deposit (1).
EARNINGS
Money received for labor or personal services rather than a return on capital, although corporate income from all sources is described as "earnings".
EASEMENT
A right created by grant, reservation, agreement, prescription, or necessary implication, which one has in the land of another. It is either for the benefit of land (appurtenant), such as right to cross A to get to B, or "in gross", such as a public utility easement.
EASEMENT APPURTENANT
An easement for the benefit or another parcel of land, such as the right to cross parcel A to reach parcel B. The easement will pass with the transfer of property to a new owner. See also: Dominant Tenement; Servient Tenement.
EASEMENT BY PRESCRIPTION
See: Prescriptive Easement.
EASEMENT IN GROSS
An easement for the benefit of a person or company, rather than for the benefit of another parcel of land. Commonly, such easements as for public utilities.
EASEMENT OF NECESSITY
An easement granted by a court when it is determined that said easement is absolutely necessary for the use and enjoyment of the land. Commonly given to landlocked parcels.
EASY DOC LOANS
See: Low Doc Loans.
EAT
See: Exchange Accommodation Titleholder.
EAVES
The margin or lower part of a roof projecting beyond an exterior wall.
EBB TIDE
The tide at its low, or the period from high to low.
ECONOMIC AGE-LIFE METHOD OF DEPRECIATION
See: Age-Life Method of Depreciation.
ECONOMIC DEPRECIATION
See: Economic Obsolescence.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION (EDA)
Part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The EDA manages grant and loan programs aid economically depressed areas.
ECONOMIC LIFE
The "profitable" life of an improvement. Generally shorter than the physical life (before it is worn out).
ECONOMIC OBSOLESCENCE
A loss in value to property (depreciation) caused by a negative influence near the property. Concerned with location rather than physical characteristics of the property. Also called External Obsolescence; Environmental Obsolescence.
ECONOMIC RECOVERY ACT OF 1981 (ERTA)
Laws designed to stimulate the economy, including stimulation of the real estate market. See: Accelerated Cost Recovery System.
ECONOMIC RENT
The market rental value of a property at any given time, even though the actual rent may be different.
ECONOMICS
The study of the laws and theories pertaining to the creation and distribution of wealth, either of the private sector or of governments.
EDA
See: Economic Development Administration.
EEM (ENERGY EFFICIENT MORTGAGE)
An FHA program that helps homebuyers save money on utility bills by enabling them to finance the cost of adding energy efficiency features to a new or existing home as part of the home purchase.
EFFECTIVE AGE
Age of a structure as estimated by its condition rather than actual age. Takes into account rehabilitation and maintenance.
EFFECTIVE DEMAND
A qualifying term meaning the ability to pay as well as desire to buy.
EFFECTIVE GROSS INCOME
See: Adjusted Gross Income.
EFFICIENCY
An apartment consisting of one room, sectioned into areas for a kitchen, bedroom, etc.
EFFLUENT
(1) The flowing of a branch of a stream out from the main stream. (2) The flow of sewage, either from a storm sewer or sanitary sewer, after some stage of treatment.
EGRESS
A term concerning a right to come and go across the land (public or private) of another. Usually part of the term ingress and egress
EIS
See: Environmental Impact Statement.
EJECTMENT
Most commonly, a court action to recover real property, usually by eviction of a tenant. In some states, an action to enforce specific performance.
ELECTRIC HEATING
Any heating system using electricity as its power source. May be a water or air system.
ELECTRICAL CURRENT
Any flow of electricity.
ELEEMOSYNARY CORPORATION
A corporation created for a charitable purpose. There are tax advantages accorded to such corporations. The corporation may operate the same as a profit making corporation. Commonly called a nonprofit corporation.
ELEVATION
(1) Height above sea level. (2) The exterior design of a structure, usually but not necessarily, viewed from the front. Called a horizontal elevation. (3) Height measured from any point, such as elevation from a floor. Called vertical elevation.
ELUVIATION
The movement of soil materials, either in a downward or horizontal direction, caused by excessive water in the soil.
EMBLEMENTS
Growing crops. Considered chattels which may be removed by a tenant at the expiration of his lease.
EMINENT DOMAIN
A governmental right to acquire private property for public use by condemnation, and the payment of just compensation.
EMOLUMENT
Compensation for personal services, such as salary, commission, or other compensation.
EMPHYTHEUTIC LEASE
A lease in perpetuity or for a long period, freely transferable by the lessee, upon the condition that the lessee improve the property and pay rent.
EMPLOYER-ASSISTED HOUSING
Programs offered by employers to help their employees purchase a home. The Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) offers advice to employers in setting up these programs.
EMPLOYMENT LETTER
A letter from an employer stating the time a person has been employed and income from said employment.
EMPOWERMENT ZONES AND ENTERPRISE COMMUNITIES (EZ/EC)
Targeted areas to be aided through tax incentives, grants and loans to improve economic conditions. The program was created by Title XIII of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 and expanded by the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997.
ENCROACHMENT
Generally, construction onto the property of another, as of a wall fence, building, etc.
ENCUMBRANCE, INCUMBRANCE
A claim, lien, charge, or liability attached to and binding real property. Any right to, or interest in, land which may exist in one other than the owner, but which will not prevent the transfer of fee title.
END LOAN
See: Take Out Loan.
ENDORSEMENT (INDORSEMENT)
The act of the holder of a note, bill, check, or other negotiable instrument, of transferring said instrument by signing the back of the instrument, with or without qualifications.
ENDORSER
One who transfers a check or mortgage note by signing (endorsing) the check or note rather than by a separate document (assignment). The transferee may receive greater rights by endorsement than by assignment.
ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE
A general term, encompassing the styles of various English design, but which have common elements. The exterior being either of large stones, or exposed timbers with large stones or brick placed between the timbers, in a decorative manner. The roof is most often of slate and windows are hinged vertically.
ENTERPRISE ZONE
See: Empowerment Zones And Enterprise Communities (EZ/EC).
ENTIRE TENANCY
See: Tenancy by the Entirety.
ENTITLEMENT
A veteran's eligibility for a home loan. Specific programs set out requirements to restore entitlement if the veteran has already used the benefit.
ENTITY
A separate existence or being, most commonly referring to a corporation or other form of business, rather than an individual.
ENTRANCE
(1) The opening used to go into an enclosed area, such as a door, gate, etc. (2) To go upon land, such as to gain entrance to, the point of entrance not necessarily being through a door, gate, or other opening.
ENTREPRENEUR
A businessman, taking the risk of loss and gaining profit, rather than a salaried employee.
ENVIRONMENT
Surroundings. As an appraisal term,the characteristics of the area around a property which bear on the value of the property.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA)
A preliminary environmental analysis used to determine whether a more detailed environmental impact statement will be necessary.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFICIENCY
Deficiency of the area surrounding a property, (environment), which decreases its value, such as poorly designed streets and traffic patterns, a high crime rate, no major sewer lines, etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS)
A report of the probable effect of a development on the surrounding area (environment). The report is prepared by an independent company to federal, state, or local guide lines.
ENVIRONMENTAL LIEN
A lien to secure payment for removal of contaminants. Example: Superfund money is used for cleanup. The lien is then filed as well as a lawsuit to recover the money from the responsible parties.
ENVIRONMENTAL OBSOLESCENCE
See: Economic Obsolescence.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT
See: Environmental Site Assessment.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
The federal agency concerned with the protection of our resources of land, water, and air.
ENVIRONMENTAL SITE ASSESSMENT
A physical inspection of a site (land and improvements) to determine if environmental problems exist. (See: Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment; Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment; Phase 3 Environmental Site Assessment).
EPA
See: Environmental Protection Agency.
EPRA (ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT)
See: Environmental Site Assessment.
EQUAL CREDIT OPPORTUNITY ACT
Federal law granting women certain independent status, and preventing lenders from considering such negative credit aspects as the possibility of a woman having children and dropping out of the labor market.
EQUAL DIGNITY RULE
A term used most often in contracts involving real property. The rule is that if a matter requires a writing, agency agreements concerning the matter must also be written. For example: Since a contract to sell real estate must be in writing, the agency (listing) agreement to sell real estate must be in writing.
EQUALIZATION
See: Board of Equalization.
EQUATOR
The imaginary circle separating the Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the Earth, and used as the starting point for measurements of latitude, its own latitude being zero degrees.
EQUIPMENT
As an industrial term, everything necessary to produce a product, such as land, improvements, machinery, etc.
EQUITABLE CONVERSION
A legal fiction applied to a land contract which treats the vendee's (buyer's) interest as a real property interest even though the seller holds legal title, and the seller's interest as a security interest (personal property). This enables the buyer to act as the "owner" of the property without having "legal" title.
EQUITABLE LIEN
A lien enforceable in a court of equity, based on evidence of an intent between debtor and creditor to create a lien on specific property of the debtor, but a failure to legally create said lien.
EQUITABLE MORTGAGE
(1) A lien against real property (mortgage) which is enforceable in a court of equity, but does not legally constitute a mortgage. (2) A deed given as security for a debt will be held to be a mortgage rather than a transfer of title. Also called a constructive mortgage.
EQUITABLE OWNERSHIP
Ownership by one who does not have legal title, such as a vendee under a land contract or, technically, a trustor under a deed of trust (legal title being in the trustee). Also called equitable title.
EQUITABLE RIGHT OF REDEMPTION
See: Equity of Redemption.
EQUITABLE TITLE
See: Equitable Ownership.
EQUITY
(1) A legal doctrine based on fairness, rather than strict interpretation of the letter of the law. (2) The market value of real property, less the amount of existing liens. (3) Any ownership investment (stocks, real estate, etc.) as opposed to investing as a lender (bonds, mortgages, etc.).
EQUITY BUILD-UP
The reduction of principal on a mortgage or deed of trust by periodic payments, which increases (builds-up) the difference (equity) between the property value and amount of the lien.
EQUITY CAPITALIZATION RATE
See: Cash-On-Cash.
EQUITY DIVIDEND RATE
See: Cash-On-Cash.
EQUITY LINE OF CREDIT
A combination of a line of credit and equity loan. A maximum loan amount is established based on credit and equity. A mortgage (deed of trust) is recorded against the potential borrower's property for said maximum loan amount. The potential borrower has the right to borrow, as needed, up to the amount of the mortgage.
EQUITY LOAN
A loan based upon the equity in a property. The credit of the borrower is not a major factor. See also: Personal Property Loan.
EQUITY OF REDEMPTION
Properly, the right to pay off the lien of a mortgage which is in default by payment of the principal, interest, and costs which are due. Often confused with the redemption period after the foreclosure sale, which is a right established by statute.
EQUITY PARTICIPATION
See: Participation.
EQUITY PURCHASER
One who purchases the equity of another in real property, either assuming or taking subject to existing mortgages or deeds of trust.
EQUITY SHARING
A method of borrowing by giving the lender an ownership interest in the property. When the property is sold, the lender receives a portion of the profit in addition to repayment.
EQUITY SKIMMING
A scam where a "buyer" approaches a homeowner who is behind on his/her mortgage payments. The owner moves out of the property based on the promise to bring the mortgage current and give the owner money when the property is sold. After getting a deed from the homeowner, the con artist rents out the property until the foreclosure is final. Also known as milking.
EQUITY STAKE MORTGAGE
See: Shared Appreciation Mortgage.
EROSION
The wearing away, over a prolonged period, of rock, earth, or other portions of land.
ERRORS AND OMISSIONS INSURANCE
Insurance covering losses caused by errors and omissions of professions other than medicine. Used by banks, real estate companies, escrow companies, etc.
ESA
See Environmental Site Assessment
ESCALATION CLAUSE
A clause in a lease providing for an increased rental at a future time. May be accomplished by several types of clauses, such as (1) Fixed increase - A clause which calls for a definite, periodic rental increase. (2) Cost of living - A clause which ties the rent to a government cost of living index, with periodic adjustments as the index changes. (3) Direct expense - The rent is adjusted according to changes in the expenses of the property paid by the lessor, such as tax increases, increased maintenance costs, etc.
ESCALATOR CLAUSE
See: Escalation Clause.
ESCARPMENT
A cliff.
ESCHEAT
A reversion of property to the state in the absence of an individual owner. Usually occurs when a property owner dies intestate, and without heirs.
ESCROW
Delivery of a deed by a grantor to a third party for delivery to the grantee upon the happening of a contingent event. Modernly, in some states, all instruments necessary to the sale (including funds) are delivered to a third (neutral) party, with instructions as to their use.
ESCROW ACCOUNT
See; Impound Account.
ESCROW ANALYSIS
A review by a lender to determine if the proper amount is being deposited each month by the borrower to pay taxes and insurance when they become due.
ESCROW COLLECTIONS
See: Impound Account.
ESCROW DISBURSEMENTS
See: Impound Disbursements.
ESCROW INSTRUCTIONS
Instructions which are signed by both buyer and seller, and which enable an escrow agent to carry out the proce- dures necessary to transfer real property, a business, or other assignable interest.
ESCROW OFFICER
An escrow agent. In some states, one who has, through experience and education, gained a certain degree of expertise in escrow matters.
ESTATE
(1) The interest or nature of the interest which one has in property, such as a life estate, the estate of a deceased, real estate, etc. (2) A large house with substantial grounds surrounding it, giving the connotation of belonging to a wealthy person.
ESTATE AT SUFFERANCE
See: Tenant at Sufferance.
ESTATE AT WILL
See: Tenant at Will.
ESTATE FOR LIFE
See: Life Estate.
ESTATE FOR YEARS
Any estate for a definite period of time. Com-monly, a lease.
ESTATE IN REMAINDER
See: Remainder.
ESTATE IN REVERSION
See: Reversion.
ESTATE OF INHERITANCE
An estate which may descend to heirs. For example: A fee estate is an estate of inheritance, whereas a life estate is not.
ESTATE TAX
A tax against the property of a deceased, based on the value of the estate.
ESTOPPEL
The prevention of one from asserting a legal right because of prior actions inconsistent with the assertion.
ESTOVERS
Old doctrine allowing use, primarily of timber, by a tenant for fuel and repair of his shelter. Not much application in the U.S. today.
ET AL
And others.
ET CON
And husband.
ET UX
And wife.
ET VIR
Latin: meaning "and husband".
ETHICS
With regard to professions, a code of professional standards, containing aspects of fairness and duty to the profession and the general public.
EVICTION
A court action to remove one from possession of real pro-perty. Most commonly, the removal of a tenant.
EVIDENCE OF TITLE
A document establishing ownership to property. Most commonly, a deed.
EXACT INTEREST
Interest based on a 365-day year, rather than a 30-day month (360- day year).
EXAMINATION OF TITLE
See: Title Search.
EXCAVATE
To dig and then remove, leaving a pit or hollow. Used to describe the removal of earth in construction; or coal, copper, etc., in mining.
EXCAVATION
(1) A pit or other opening which remains after the removal of dirt, minerals, etc., from the surface of the Earth. (2) The process of digging and removal of dirt, minerals, etc., from land.
EXCEPTION
(1) Specific items set forth in an insurance policy which are not covered by said policy. (2) Any item specifically excluded.
EXCESS CONDEMNATION
Taking, by right of eminent domain, more property than actually necessary for the intended purpose. This happens frequently, the excess property being sold at auction after completion of the project.
EXCESS INCOME
See: Excess Rent.
EXCESS RENT
Rental income (usually under a lease) which exceeds the fair rental value of the property.
EXCESSIVE CONDEMNATION
See: Excess Condemnation.
EXCHANGE
A reciprocal transfer of real property which has certain tax advantages over a sale. Definite procedures must be followed in order to qualify the transfer as an exchange.
EXCHANGE ACCOMMODATION TITLEHOLDER
One who takes title to property to meet the requirements of IRS section 1031 and Treasury Revenue Ruling 2003-37 to facilitate a build to suit exchange or a reverse exchange.
EXCHANGE AGREEMENT
Instrument (contract) used in an exchange. See also: Exchange.
EXCHANGE PERIOD
The time allowed between the sale of relinquished property and the purchase of replacement property in order to qualify for the tax advantage under IRS section 1031. In a reverse exchange it is the time between the purchase of the replacement property and the sale of the relinquished property.
EXCHANGOR
The party seeking the tax advantage under IRS section 1031. The taxpayer.
EXCLUSIVE AGENCY AGREEMENT
See: Agency Agreement.
EXCLUSIVE AGENCY LISTING
A listing or agreement protecting the listing broker's commission against the sale of the property by another agent but not against the sale by the principal. The term is not universal, as some areas use the term, nonexclusive listing, to describe this agreement.
EXCLUSIVE LISTING
Employment agreement in which a specified agent earns a commission if a property is sold within a specified time frame. The specified agent will generally earn a commission, even if another licensee finds a buyer. If two exclusive listings are signed, the seller may have to pay two commissions.
EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO SELL
A written contract between a property owner and a real estate broker, whereby the owner promises to pay a fee or commission to the broker if certain real property of the owner is sold during a stated period, regardless of whether the broker is or is not the cause of the sale. The broker promises to put forth his or her best efforts to sell the property, and may make specific promises as to advertising or other promotion in certain instances.
EXCULPATORY
Holding free from or limiting guilt or liability.
EXECUTE
To complete; to fulfill a purpose, such as to execute an instrument, meaning to sign, seal (modernly, to notarize), and deliver.
EXECUTED SALE
One which is final and completed.
EXECUTION SALE
Sale of real property under a writ of execution by a court. A judicial mortgage foreclosure sale is in this category.
EXECUTOR
One who is appointed under a will to carry out (execute) the terms of the will.
EXECUTOR'S DEED
A deed issued by the executor of an estate. (See: Executor).
EXECUTORY CONTRACT
A contract under which there is still to be performance. See also: Executory Sale.
EXECUTORY SALE
A sale not fully completed, such as (at least in theory) a land contract sale. See also: Executed Sale.
EXECUTRIX
A female executor.
EXEMPLARY DAMAGES
Damages to punish (make an example of) the offender. This is done when the wrong is deliberate or grossly negligent and compensatory damages do not appear to be sufficient.
EXIT
(1) The leaving or departing, usually of a person. (2) The place through which one leaves, as a door, gate, etc.
EXPANSIBLE HOUSE
A house specifically designed for later additions or expansion.
EXPANSION JOINT
Any connection of two members which allows for movement of the members when effected by pressure toward or away from the connecting area (joint). A joint in a bridge, building, or similar structure, allowing for expansion or contraction of the parts of the structure from temperature changes.
EXPENSE RATIOS
Formulas to determine a potential borrower's ability to repay a mortgage loan. The ratios are (1) the monthly amount to repay all mortgage loans on the property divided by the borrower's gross monthly income and (2) the borrower's total monthly expenses divided by the gross monthly income.
EXPENSE STOP
A clause limiting the expense of one of the parties and shifting the burden to the other party at an agreed upon amount. Used primarily in leases.
EXPENSES
See: Operating Expenses.
EXPENSES OF SALE
The costs which are attributed to the sale of real estate. They would include commission, loan points, title and escrow fees, documentary transfer tax, etc.
EXPERT TESTIMONY
Testimony by one acknowledged to have special training and knowledge in a particular subject. Only testimony on the subject in which the witness is "expert" is considered expert testimony.
EXPERT WITNESS
One acknowledged to have special training and knowledge of a particular subject, and testifying on that subject.
EXPOSURE
(1) The degree to which a property for sale, lease, etc., is made noticeable (exposed) to potential buyers, tenants, etc., through advertising, multiple listing groups, etc. (2) The direction in which a property faces. For example: Does a store depending on walk-in trade face the sun in the morning when people walk in the sun to get warm (eastern exposure), or face the sun in the afternoon when people walk in the shade to keep cool (western exposure).
EXPRESS
Clear and definite; set forth, as opposed to implied.
EXPRESS WARRANTY
A warranty given by words of the seller rather than by law or circumstances.
EXPRESSWAY (FREEWAY)
A highway (usually divided) with control of access, and with major streets crossing it at a different grade level. Distinguished from "toll roads" in that no fee is charged to those using the expressway.
EXPROPRIATION
A taking, as under eminent domain. The word has come to be used in connection with a foreign location, such as a foreign government taking an American industry located in the foreign country. The word is used instead of eminent domain in Louisiana.
EXTENDED COVERAGE
With reference to insurance, coverage beyond the normal (standard) policy.
EXTENSION
A continuing under the same conditions, as opposed to a renewal, which implies new terms or conditions.
EXTENSION OF MORTGAGE
See: Extension.
EXTERIOR
The outside surface of any structure.
EXTERIOR FINISH
The outside covering of a structure, such as wood, brick, stucco, etc.
EXTERIOR WALL
The outer vertical surface of a structure, which encloses the entire structure, and the dimensions of which are used to find the gross area of the enclosure for appraisal purposes.
EXTERNAL OBSOLESCENCE
See: Economic Obsolescence.
EXTRAORDINARY PROPERTY LOSS
An accounting procedure which includes the depreciated value of property from unanticipated damage not insured
EZ/EC
See: Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities.
F.H.A. (FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION)
A federal agency which insures first mortgages, enabling lenders to loan a very high percentage of the sale price.
FACADE
The main face or front elevation of a building.
FACE
(1) The front or facade of a structure See also: Facade. (2) The positioning of a structure, [as to front (face) the ocean]. (3) To surface or cover the front or outer surface of an object. (4) The outside or main appearance of the surface of an object.
FACE BRICK
A treated brick, usually glossy and of even quality, made for use as an exterior finish.
FACE VALUE
The value of notes, mortgages, etc., as stated on the face of the instrument, and not considering any discounting.
FACED WALL
A masonry wall, using different materials as a facing and backing, but with facing and backing bonded as one unit for load-bearing.
FACILITATOR
See: Qualified Intermediary.
FACTOR
(1) One who buys or sells goods in his own name, but acting as an agent for another. (2) One who buys accounts receivable at a discount.
FACTORING
Purchasing accounts receivable from a business at a discount.
FAIR CASH VALUE
See: Market Value.
FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT
A federal law giving one the right to see his or her credit report so that errors may be corrected. A lender refusing credit based on a credit report must inform the buyer which company issued the report. The buyer may see the report without charge if refused credit, or for a charge if just curious.
FAIR MARKET VALUE
Price that probably would be negotiated between a willing seller and willing buyer in a reasonable time. Usually arrived at by comparable sales in the area.
FAIR RENTAL
See: Economic Rent.
FAIR VALUE
The setting of a reasonable value by a court or board, for the establishment of public utility rates.
FAIRWAY
(1) The deepest part of a river or bay, through which boats travel. (2) A passageway kept open in a harbor or bay for boats to enter or exit. (3) A portion of a golf course, bounded on its width by the rough and on its length by the tee and the green.
FALLOW
(1) Land tilled and prepared for planting, but not planted. A method of soil conservation. (2) Land left idle which would ordinarily be planted.
FALSE ADVERTISING
In most instances when in connection with real estate, newspaper classified advertising which misrepresents the property, price or terms. A broker may have his or her license suspended or revoked if the offense is prolonged or deliberately fraudulent.
FAMILY ROOM
A room used informally for recreation, usually built off the kitchen.
FAN WINDOW
See: Circlehead Window.
FANNIE MAE
See: FNMA.
FARM
(1) A large parcel of land devoted to raising crops. (2) Land used for producing dairy products (dairy farm) or raising certain fish or animals, such as a lobster farm, oyster farm, etc. (3) A geographical area in which a real estate salesperson concentrates his or her business efforts (farms).
FARMER HOME ADMINISTRATION (FMHA)
The federal agency which makes, participates in, and insures loans for rural housing and farms.
FASCIA
A flat, long finishing band or board, used at the outer edge of a cornice, or to conceal rafter ends.
FAST FOOD RESTAURANT
A limited menu restaurant, offering quick service, low prices, and usually over-the-counter service rather than table service.
FATHOM
A measure of depths used at sea, being six feet.
FDIC
See: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
FEASIBILITY SURVEY
A study of an area before construction of a project, to determine the probable financial success of the project.
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (FDIC)
The federal corporation which insures against loss of deposits in banks and, since 1989, in savings associations.
FEDERAL DISCOUNT RATE
The interest rate charged to member banks borrowing from the federal reserve bank(s).
FEDERAL FAIR HOUSING LAW
Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act which forbids discrimination in the sale or rental of residential property because of race, color, sex, religion or national origin.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK BOARD
The board which chartered and regulated federal savings and loan associations, as well as controlled the system of Federal Home Loan Banks. The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) transferred regulation and chartering of thrifts to the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS). (See: Office of Thrift Supervision).
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK SYSTEM
See: Federal Home Loan Banks.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANKS
Banks created under the Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1932, in order to keep a permanent supply of money available for home financing. The banks are controlled by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Savings and loans, insurance companies, and other similar companies making long term mortgage loans may become members of the Federal Home Loan Bank System, and thus may borrow from one of the regional banks throughout the country.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN MORTGAGE CORPORATION (THE MORTGAGE CORPORATION)
A semi-governmental purchaser of mortgages in the secondary market. The trading of mortgage securities (Participation Certificates) for mortgages in its guarantor program has been highly successful.
FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION
See: FHA.
FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION
See: FNMA.
FEDERAL RESERVE
The government banking agency that sets interest rates for borrowing among banks and regulates government monetary policy. The rates that banks pay for money will determine the rates they charge for loans.
FEDERAL REVENUE STAMPS
Also called IRS stamps. A transfer tax of $ .55 per $500, based on the sale price of real estate (less remaining loans). The tax ended as a federal tax and was taken up by most states with slight modifications in some areas. See also: Documentary Transfer Tax.
FEDERAL ROAD
See: Interstate Highway System.
FEDERAL SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION
A federally chartered institution for savings and home mortgages, under the regulation of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board.
FEDERAL SAVINGS AND LOAN INSURANCE CORPORATION (FSLIC)
A federal corporation which insured deposits of thrift (savings and loan) associations. The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) transferred all such insurance to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
FEDERAL TAX LIEN
A lien attaching to property for nonpayment of a federal tax (estate, income, etc.). A federal tax lien differs from other liens in that it is not automatically wiped out by foreclosing on a mortgage or trust deed recorded before the tax lien (except by judicial foreclosure).
FEDERALLY INSURED REVERSE MORTGAGE
A reverse mortgage guaranteed by the federal government; also called a Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM).
FEE
(1) Modernly, and not in strict legal terms, synonymous with fee simple or "ownership". (2) A charge made by a landlord to a tenant, which is not refundable. For example: A cleaning deposit would be refunded if the tenant left the rented property reasonably clean. A cleaning fee would be a charge by the landlord for cleaning the rented property and would not be refunded regardless of the condition of the property.
FEE APPRAISER
An independent contractor, not an employee of the company requesting the appraisal.
FEE SIMPLE
An estate under which the owner is entitled to unrestricted powers to dispose of the property, and which can be left by will or inherited. Commonly, a synonym for ownership.
FEE SIMPLE ABSOLUTE
A term now used synonymously with fee simple.
FEE SIMPLE CONDITIONAL
See: Defeasible Title.
FEE SIMPLE DEFEASIBLE
See: Defeasible Title.
FEE TAIL
An estate of inheritance which specifies the descendants or classes or heirs of the devisee who may succeed to the said estate.
FELT
A fabric composed mainly of wool mixed with fur, hair, or synthetics, under heat and pressure.
FELT PAPER
A highly absorbent, porous paper, used with tar or asphalt as a roofing paper, or over studs as an insulation.
FEMA
See: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
FENCE
A barrier, usually to enclose one's property; may be made of wood, brick, wire, etc.
FENESTRATION
The decorative manner or plan of placing doors or windows in a structure.
FHA ESCAPE CLAUSE
A clause stating that the buyer (borrower) shall not be obligated to buy nor shall any deposit be lost if the appraisal is less than the agreed upon amount.
FHA MORTGAGE
A mortgage insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA).
FHA MORTGAGE INSURANCE
The protection that lenders receive in the event of foreclosure. The borrower pays the fee for the insurance.
FHLMC (FREDDIE MAC)
A federal agency purchasing first mortgages, both conventional and federally insured, from members of the Federal Reserve System, and the Federal Home Loan Bank System.
FIBER GLASS
Particles of glass spun into a form of insulation, or materials such as used in drapes.
FIBERBOARD
See: Insulation Board.
FICO (FAIR, ISAAC AND COMPANY, INC.) SCORE
A number which "scores" credit of a mortgage loan applicant or loan applicant for another purpose. The score is based on many factors, such as too much or too little credit, past delinquencies, bankruptcy and frequency of inquiries. There are many other factors. Lenders use the score to determine whether to make a loan and the score may also influence the interest rate charged. FAIR, ISAAC AND COMPANY, INC. also provides insurance scores and many other business services.
FICTITIOUS DEED OF TRUST
See: Fictitious Instrument.
FICTITIOUS DOCUMENT
A document containing general provisions but not regarding specific property. The fictitious document is recorded in all counties of a state. Whenever the same type of document is recorded regarding specific property, the provisions of the fictitious document are incorporated by reference, saving both the costs of printing, and recording extra pages.
FICTITIOUS INSTRUMENT
An instrument (usually a mortgage or deed of trust) which is recorded not on specific property but to be incorporated by reference into future mortgages or deeds of trust. This is done by reference to the recording information of the fictitious instrument in the instrument recorded against specific property. This shortens the latter instrument and thereby cuts costs of printing, paper, recording, etc. The fictitious instrument contains general language applicable to any specific property.
FICTITIOUS MORTGAGE
See: Fictitious Instrument.
FICTITIOUS NAME
Commonly refers to a company name in a business not incorporated. The owner files a certificate of fictitious name. For example: Joe Smith (real name); Joe's Garage, (fictitious name). Also called a D.B.A. (doing business as).
FIDELITY BOND
Insurance covering an employer for loss caused by dishonest acts of specific employees.
FIDUCIARY
One acting in a relationship of trust, regarding financial transactions.
FIELD TILE
A series of tiles placed at the base of the superstructure to retard seepage of ground waters through the foundation. See also: Disposal Field.
FILL
(1) To supply an area with additional material (fill) to raise or obtain a uniform grade level. (2) The materials used for fill such as dirt, gravel, etc.
FINAL DECREE
A decree completely deciding all pending matters before a court, and obviating the need for further litigation.
FINANCIAL CORPORATION
A general term encompassing companies dealing in finance, such as banks, savings and loan associations, insurance companies, and similar companies.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
An accounting statement showing assets and liabilities of a person or company. Used generally for large loans or other instances when the credit report (history of payment of debts) in itself is not sufficient.
FINANCING COSTS
The cost of interest and other charges involved in borrowing money to build or purchase real estate.
FINANCING STATEMENT
A recorded instrument, taking the place of personal property liens in some states. Used instead of chattel mortgages, inventory liens, pledges, etc.
FINDER'S FEE
A fee paid to someone who finds a buyer or property for a broker, buyer, etc. The term is sometimes used to attempt to pay a commission to an unlicensed person. Generally, a finder's fee is considered a commission and may only be paid to one who holds a real estate license.
FINISH FLOOR
The flooring over the subfloor, usually of hardwood, tile, or other finish on which one may walk. In some modern construction where carpeting is installed by the builder, plywood is used as a finish floor.
FINISH HARDWARE
See: Hardware.
FIRE INSURANCE
Insurance against loss or damage by fire to specific property. May also include other coverage.
FIRE ROCK
See: Igneous Rock.
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
See: Sprinkler System.
FIRE STOP
A means of preventing fire or smoke from traveling through a structure by filling concealed air spaces with fire-resistive materials.
FIRE WALL
A wall to divide parts of a building, and prevent the spread of fire. Should rise from basement level to a minimum of three feet above roof level, and all openings through the wall should be protected by fireproof doors.
FIRE-RESISTIVE
Able to withstand specified temperatures for a certain time, such as a one hour wall. Not fireproof.
FIREBACK
See: Chimney Back.
FIREBRICK
A brick specially made of clay which can be exposed to extremely high temperatures without damage. Used in furnaces, fireplaces, and similar high temperature areas.
FIREPLACE
A square, rectangular, or arched opening usually in a wall at the base of a chimney, lined with stone or masonry, and used for an open fire within a structure. Modernly, a decorative, more than necessary, part of a home.
FIREPROOF CONSTRUCTION
Having all exposed and load-bearing members of a noncombustible material, and structural members which can be injured by fire (such as iron or steel) protected by noncombustible materials.
FIRM COMMITMENT
See: Commitment (2); Conditional Commitment.
FIRST BOTTOM
The flood plain of a river or stream.
FIRST MORTGAGE
A mortgage having priority over all other voluntary liens against certain property.
FIRST PAYMENT DEFAULT
Failure of a borrower to make the first payment on the loan. May be grounds to investigate whether proper procedures were used in making the loan.
FIRST REFUSAL RIGHT
A right, usually given by an owner to a lessee, which gives the lessee a first chance to buy the property if the owner decides to sell. The owner must have a legitimate offer which the lessee can match or refuse. If the lessee refuses, the property can then be sold to the offeror.
FIRST USER
A tax term signifying the one who builds or buys property and is the first one to put the buildings to use. Certain tax (depreciation) advantages are given to the first user. The term concerns only depreciable property (improvements) and prior use of the land only (farming) would not be considered.
FISBO
See: For Sale By Owner.
FISCAL YEAR
An accounting year, which may be the calendar year, or any other one year period. The United States budget is based on a fiscal year from July 1, to June 30.
FIXED ASSETS
Permanent assets, necessary for the operation of a business, such as buildings, heavy machinery, etc.
FIXED EXPENSES
Property expenses not effected by use or occupancy. Example: Property taxes would be fixed while maintenance would vary with use and occupancy.
FIXED INSTALLMENT
A payment, usually monthly, not subject to change.
FIXED LIABILITY
A liability that will not mature during a company's fiscal period, such as a 20-year mortgage.
FIXED MONTHLY LOAN ADVANCES
Payments of the same amount that are made to a borrower each month under a reverse mortgage.
FIXED RATE MORTGAGE
A mortgage having a rate of interest which remains the same for the life of the mortgage.
FIXED WINDOW
A window which has no moveable parts, such as a picture window.
FIXTURES
Personal property which is attached to real property, and is legally treated as real property while it is so attached. Fixtures, not specifically excepted from an accepted offer to purchase, pass with the real estate.
FLAGSTONE
A decorative, flat, slate-like stone, used in walkways and patios, and processed in a variety of colors.
FLANGE
A projecting border, edge, rim, etc., used as a means of attachment to another object, as a method of adding strength, stability, etc.
FLANK
The side of any structure, hill, etc.
FLASHING
Sheet metal or similar material, used at different points in a structure to prevent water seepage, such as around vent pipes, chimneys, etc.
FLAT
A building containing a single living unit on each floor, and sometimes referred to by the number of units, such as two flat, four flat. Flats are no longer built, having given way to duplexes, fourplexes, etc.
FLAT COST
The direct cost of labor and materials used in construction of a project.
FLAT LEASE
See: Straight Lease.
FLAT ROOF
A roof having an almost level surface, except for either being slightly convex, to allow drainage towards it edges, or slightly concave, allowing water to drain at the center of the roof.
FLEXIBLE CONDUIT
A conduit that can flex (bend) to reach from another line (gas, electric, etc.) to the point of intended use.
FLEXIBLE INTEREST RATE
See: Variable Interest Rate.
FLEXIBLE LOAN INSURANCE PLAN
See: Pledged Account Loan.
FLEXIBLE RATE MORTGAGE
See: Adjustable Mortgage Loans.
FLIGHT PATTERN
The path (pattern of lights) used by airplanes for approaching and departing from an airport.
FLIP
Flexible Loan Insurance Plan. See: Pledged Account Loan.
FLITCH BEAM
A beam formed by two or more timbers, cut lengthwise, called flitches, between any two of which is placed a metal plate for additional strength, and all pieces are bolted together.
FLOAT
Funds in collection. The amount of a check in the possession of one bank but drawn on another is the float.
FLOATING RATE
See: Variable Interest Rate.
FLOATING SLAB
A concrete slab foundation where the slab and supporting beams are poured separately. See: Monolithic Slab.
FLOOD
An overflowing of a body of water from its normal boundaries, so that land usually dry is covered with water. May be a regular occurrence (sometimes even desirable for farming) or a disaster, if severe.
FLOOD CERTIFICATION
The determination by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) whether flood insurance is required and the degree of risk. Flood zones are rated as to risk and the cost of flood insurance varies accordingly.
FLOOD INSURANCE
Insurance indemnifying against loss by flood damage. Required by lenders (usually banks) in areas designated (federally) as potential flood areas. The insurance is private but federally subsidized.
FLOOD PLAIN
The extent of the land adjoining a river, which, because of its level topography, would flood if the river overflowed its banks.
FLOOR
(1) The inside bottom or lowest horizontal surface of a room, on which one walks or stands. (2) The different levels (stories) in a building, such as main floor, second floor, etc.
FLOOR AREA RATIO
A term commonly used to indicate the allowable square footage of a building according to zoning requirements. The ratio is between the total floor area of the building and the lot or plot on which it is built. Example: a 50,000 square foot lot may have a maximum of 100,000 square feet of floor area. A ten story building, each story having 10,000 square feet of floor space, would be allowed. The floor area ratio would be two to one, expressed simply as 2.
FLOOR DRAINS
Sewer drains in the floor of a building, used where there may be a heavy accumulation of water, such as in a basement of a house, or where floors may be cleaned with a hose such as in an industrial building.
FLOOR FURNACE
A furnace placed directly below a floor, which has no ducts and heats only through a grill in the floor.
FLOOR HANGER
An iron, stirrup-like brace, used to support a floor joist.
FLOOR JOIST
A joist used to support flooring placed over it.
FLOOR LOAD
The live load in pounds per square foot, which a floor is capable of holding safely.
FLOOR LOAN
The lower of two amounts of a single take out loan. For example: A lender agrees to loan on an office building being constructed, in the amount of eighty percent of appraised value if the building is seventy-five percent occupied, but only seventy percent of appraised value if the building is less than seventy-five percent occupied. The lower amount is the floor loan.
FLOOR OF FOREST
The covering of the ground of a forest, composed of partially decomposed vegetation, twigs, etc. Also called duff.
FLOOR PLAN
The layout of a building or portion of a building (apartment, office, etc.) showing the size of the rooms and the purpose of each (bath, bedroom, etc.). A good floor plan should be very important to a builder, since it will be important to a buyer or tenant.
FLOOR TIME
A period during the working day when a specific salesperson is responsible for general inquiries (walk-in or telephone) regarding property in a brokerage office. This is generally established as a set, rotating number of hours per week for each salesperson. When a salesperson is "on the floor" he or she must be in the office or make arrangements with another salesperson to cover the floor during those hours.
FLOW TIDE
High tide. The highest tide under normal weather conditions, as determined by the phases of the moon.
FLOWAGE EASEMENT
Not an easement by agreement, but the common law servitude of land of a lower grade level to allow water from land of a higher level to flow across it.
FLUE
(1) The opening or passageway in a chimney through which smoke, gases, etc., pass from a building. (2) Any opening or passageway for the elimination of gases, fumes, etc.
FLUME
(1) A natural gorge or ravine, through which a stream flows. (2) An artificial channel, inclined as a chute, and used to hold running water on which logs are floated from one place to another.
FLUORESCENT LIGHTING
Tubular glass lights, the interior of which has a fluorescent coating. Light is produced by the action of a stream of electrons upon the coating.
FNMA (FANNIE MAE)
A private corporation dealing in the purchase of first mortgages, at discounts.
FNMA BUYDOWN
FNMA ( Federal National Mortgage Association) accepts loans containing a buy down provision on single family residential, owner occupied properties. A prepayment (points) will buy a lower rate of interest during the first one to five years of the loan. Restrictions apply as to the amount of the buydown and rise in payment amount as the loan progresses.
FOIA
See: Freedom Of Information Act.
FOOTING
A foot-like projection at the base of a foundation wall, column, pier, etc., used to secure, support, and help eliminate settling or shifting.
FOR SALE BY OWNER
An attempt to sell property without using an agent.
FORBEARANCE
The waiting for payment of a debt by a creditor after the debt becomes due.
FORCE MAJEURE (FRENCH)
A force which cannot be resisted. In other words, something beyond the control of the parties involved. Includes Acts of God (see which) and acts of man (riots, strikes, arson, etc.) Used primarily in insurance but may be extended to any type of performance contract, such as construction.
FORCED PRICE
The price paid at a forced sale.
FORCED SALE
A sale which is not the voluntary act of the owner, such as to satisfy a debt, whether of a mortgage, judgment, etc. The selling price under such a sale would not be considered market value.
FORCED VALUE
See: Forced Sale.
FORCED-AIR FURNACE
A furnace having a fan or blower which forces the warm air through the ducts, rather than having the air circulated by the action of gravity.
FORECLOSURE
A proceeding in or out of court, to extinguish all rights, title, and interest, of the owner(s) of property in order to sell the property to satisfy a lien against it.
FORECLOSURE SALE
A sale of property used as security for a debt, to satisfy said debt.
FOREIGN CORPORATION
A corporation incorporated in another state. In New York, for example, a Delaware corporation would be a foreign corporation. See also: Corporation; Domestic Corporation.
FORESHORE
The shore between the average line of the flow tide and the average line to the ebb tide.
FOREST
A large area of land, covered with a heavy growth of trees and underbrush.
FORFEITURE
The taking of an individual's property by a government, because the individual has committed a crime.
FORGERY
A false signature or material alteration with intent to defraud. The forged signature of the grantor will not pass title regardless of recording or lack of knowledge by the grantee or future grantees. Title insurance will insure against forgery. The word may extend beyond signatures (forged paintings, documents, etc.)
FORM CONTRACT
See: Formal Contract.
FORMAL CONTRACT
Any of three types of contracts. (1) Contracts under seal. (2) Contracts of record. (3) Negotiable instruments.
FORMICA
A synthetic material under a trade name. Mainly used for counter- tops in kitchens, bathrooms, etc. Other uses include paneling, facing of wallboards, etc., as a durable interior finish.
FORMS
(1) Restraints, such as plywood sheets, to control the shape of poured concrete until it hardens. (2) A general term meaning instruments which are not unique, but printed in quantity, usually with blank spaces to be filled in to identify specific facts.
FORWARD COMMITMENT
Provides the borrower with a locked-in loan rate. Used to allow owners of property to know their mortgage obligation before renting the property and builders to have the same knowledge before construction.
FOUNDATION
The part of a building which supports the superstructure, usually below ground level. See: Concrete Slab Foundation; Pier and Beam Foundation.
FOYER
The open area or hallway upon entering a building, such as in a theater or hotel; also found in many homes. See also: Lobby.
FRACTIONAL APPRAISAL
An appraisal of a portion of a property, such as the value of a leasehold interest, value of an improvement without land, etc.
FRACTIONAL INTEREST
See: Divided Interest.
FRACTIONAL PROPERTY
A part of a property considered separately from the whole property (usually for appraisal or insurance purposes).
FRACTIONAL RATE
See: Split Rate.
FRAME CONSTRUCTION
Type of construction in which the structural parts are of wood or are dependent on a wooden frame for support.
FRAME HOUSE
Commonly used to describe a wood sided house. See also: Wood Frame Construction.
FRAMING
The outer structural member of a building or part of a building, such as window framing, or the skeletal support of members of a building.
FRANCHISE
(1) A statutory right which could not be exercised in the absence of the statute, such as the statutes enabling persons to form a corporation. Since a corporation is created by the statute, it could not be formed except by the grant of the legislature. (2) A combination of individual ownership and central control. One may own a fast food restaurant, hotel, hardware store, etc., yet use the name of a national company. Each individual owner pays for the name use, advertising, and may be required to make certain purchases (napkins, buns, etc.) from the national company. The individual benefits from the name and advertising. The real estate brokerage business was slow to use the franchise method, but now has many companies operating in this manner.
FRAUD
A deception, intended to wrongfully obtain money or property from the reliance of another on the deceptive statements or acts, believing them to be true.
FREDDIE MAC
See: FHLMC.
FREE AND CLEAR
Real property against which there are no liens, especially voluntary liens (mortgages).
FREE RENT
An inducement for a tenant to lease space. The amount of time the tenant may occupy the property without paying rent is usually based on the supply and demand for space and the length of the lease.
FREE STANDING BUILDING
A building containing one business, rather than a row of stores or businesses with a common roof and side walls.
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT
Law requiring the government to disclose certain information upon a proper request. One of the exemptions to the act is disclosure of geological and geophysical information, such as maps showing the location of oil wells.
FREEHOLD
An estate, at least of duration of a lifetime, or of fee.
FREEWAY
A highway with ramp entrances and exits only, all crossroads at a different grade level, and charging no tolls or fees.
FRENCH CURVE
A draftsman's tool used in drawing noncircular curves. Also called an irregular curve.
FREON
The gas added to a refrigerator or air conditioner, which produces cold.
FRESCO
A method of painting on a wall on wet plaster. The paint becomes part of the wall and remains much longer than if simply painted on a dry plaster wall.
FRIABLE
Easily reduced to powder or crumbled. Nonpliable.
FRONT
(1) The external portion (face) of a building, which usually contains the main entrance. See also: Facade. (2) That portion of land bordering on a river, ocean, street, etc.
FRONT ELEVATION
See: Elevation (2).
FRONT FOOT COST
A determination of the value of real property based on a value per foot as measured along the frontage of a parcel. Usually used with commercial property.
FRONT FOOTAGE
See: Frontage.
FRONTAGE
The linear measurement along the front of a parcel, that is, the portion facing a road, waterway, walkway, etc. that would be considered the most valuable measurement of the property.
FRONTAGE ROAD
See: Service Road.
FROSTLINE
The depth to which the soil freezes.
FRUCTUS INDUSTRIALES
Those things created by the labor (industry) of man rather than by nature alone. For example: a planted crop rather than an iron ore deposit. Important because Fructus Industriales is treated as personal property.See also: Emblements; Fructus Naturales.
FRUCTUS NATURALES
Produced by nature alone, such as trees (not planted by man), or minerals in the ground. Considered real property. See also: Emblements; Fructus Industriales.
FSBO
See: For Sale by Owner.
FSLIC
See: Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation.
FULL DISCLOSURE
In real estate: (1) revealing all the known facts which may affect the decision of a buyer or tenant. A broker must disclose known defects in the property for sale or lease. A builder must give to a potential buyer the facts of his new development (are there adequate school facilities?; sewer facilities?; an airport nearby?; etc.). (2) A broker cannot charge a commission to buyer and seller unless both know (disclosure) and agree.
FULLY AMORTIZING LOAN
A loan of equal, regular payments which cause the principal and interest to be completely paid by the due date.
FUNCTIONAL
The ability of anything to perform its intended use or purpose.
FUNCTIONAL OBSOLESCENCE
A type of depreciation (loss in value) to improvements because the design and/or materials are outdated. When economically feasible to correct, it is called "curable", when not "incurable".
FUNDS
Money available for a qualified purpose, such as loan funds for F.H.A. insured loans, conventional loan funds, etc.
FURLONG
A linear measure, one eighth of a mile, used in horse racing.
FURNACE
An enclosed heating device. Modernly, a box-shaped unit containing a burner, which is fed oil or gas through a pipe. The heat from the burning gas or oil is circulated, usually with the aid of a fan, through ducts to areas to be heated.
FURNITURE AND FIXTURES
An entry in an accounting statement, referring to those items considered depreciable, as business fixtures and furniture, rather than real property.
FURRING
Narrow strips of wood or metal which are applied to walls, floors, ceilings, etc., as a means of leveling the area before applying the surface boards or laths.
FUSE
A device to prevent the overloading of an electrical circuit, by containing a strip of metal which melts at relatively low heat and breaks the circuit. In modern construction, the fuse has been replaced by circuit breakers.
FUSE BOX
A metal box containing the main wiring and all electrical circuit connections, protected by fuses.
FUTURE ACQUIRED PROPERTY
Property acquired after a loan or sale. For example: A loan agreement may state that the loan is a lien on all property presently owned or which the borrower may acquire in the future. See also: After Acquired Property; After Acquired Title.
FUTURE ADVANCE CLAUSE
Also called an additional advance clause. A clause in a mortgage or deed of trust which allows the borrower to borrow additional sums at a future time, secured under the same instrument and by the same real property security. Contained in an open-end mortgage or deed of trust.
FUTURE INTEREST
A present interest, but only a future right to possession and enjoyment of the land, such as a remainder interest, reversionary interest, etc.
G.I. LOAN
See: Veteran's Administration (V.A.) Loan.
GAA
See: General Accredited Appraiser.
GAAP
See: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.
GABEL
Rent. A seldom used term.
GABLE
The exterior wall surface, triangular in shape, formed by the inclined edges of a ridged roof (gable roof).
GABLE ROOF
A ridged roof, having two sloping edges which, at the ends of the ridge, form a gable.
GAIN
Profit. Important for tax purposes when realized from the sale of a capital asset. See also: Capital Gain.
GALLERY
(1) A covered walkway, open on one side, running along an upper story of a building, either inside or outside. (2) The highest theater balcony, having the cheapest seats. (3) A building or portion of a building used for exhibits, such as an art gallery.
GALLON
A liquid measure of 231 cubic inches or 4 quarts. See also: Imperial Gallon.
GAMBREL ROOF
A ridged roof, each side having two slopes, the lower of which is more inclined.
GAP COMMITMENT
A commitment to loan the difference between the floor amount of a take out loan and the full amount. The commitment is issued to enable a construction lender to loan the full amount of a take out commitment, rather than only the floor amount. See also: Floor Loan; Take Out Loan.
GAP FINANCING
(1) Interim financing. (2) A loan between the floor amount and full amount of a take out loan. See: Gap Commitment.
GARAGE
A place to keep or repair motor vehicles; either a building adjacent or attached to a residence, or as a commercial enterprise.
GARBAGE DISPOSAL
A small tank with metal grinders, which is usually installed under the drain in a kitchen sink. The grinders pulverize discarded food into particles which may be washed into the sanitary sewer.
GARDEN
A small parcel of land used for growing fruits, vegetables, or flowers, which are usually not sold, but used by the grower.
GARDEN APARTMENTS
An apartment development consisting of two or more structures, surrounded by an abundance of lawns, plants, flowers, etc., giving a garden-like atmosphere.
GARN-ST. GERMAN ACT OF 1982
An act which, among other things, provides that a lender may not enforce a due-on-sale clause when the property passes by will to a relative of the decedent who occupies the property.
GARNISH
To bring garnishment proceedings.
GARNISHEE
The person against whom a garnishment is issued. The party holding funds of the debtor and not the debtor.
GARNISHMENT
A legal proceeding under which a person's money in control of another (such as salary) is taken for payment of a debt. The amount which may be taken is set by statute (usually as a percentage), and, in most states, a judgement is necessary before garnishment.
GARRET
See: Attic.
GAS STATION
See: Service Station.
GAZEBO
An open structure, usually in the garden of a "summer house" where one may sit and enjoy the view. Also called a belvedere.
GEM
See: Growing Equity Mortgage.
GENERAL ACCREDITED APPRAISER
A designation awarded by the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS to a member who is a state certified General Appraiser and has the required additional experience and tested education.
GENERAL BENEFITS
In condemnation, benefits accruing to property not taken, but which benefits are caused by the taking.
GENERAL CONTRACTOR
One who contracts for the construction of an entire building or project, rather than for a portion of the work. The general contractor hires subcontractors, such as plumbing contractors, electrical contractors, etc., coordinates all work, and is responsible for payment to the said subcontractors.
GENERAL INDEX (G.I.)
A title insurance company term for the books used to find liens against individuals which may effect real property, but which are not recorded against the property being insured, such as liens against a buyer.
GENERAL LIEN
(1) A lien such as a tax lien or judgment lien which attaches to all property of the debtor rather than the lien of, for example, a trust deed, which attaches only to specific property. (2) The right of a creditor to hold, personal property of a debtor for payment of a debt not associated with the property being held. Must be done under an agreement since against general precepts of law.
GENERAL MORTGAGE
See: Blanket Mortgage.
GENERAL OVERHEAD COSTS
See: Indirect Construction Cost.
GENERAL PARTNER
A member of a partnership who has authority to bind the partnership and shares in the profits and losses. A partnership must have at least one general partner and may have more, as well as limited partners.
GENERAL PARTNERSHIP
A partnership made up of general partners, without special (limited) partners. See also: Limited Partnership; Partnership.
GENERAL PLAN
See: Master Play.
GENERAL PLAN RESTRICTIONS
Restrictions imposed on an entire subdivision, usually by the developer. Also called a declaration of restrictions.
GENERAL POWER
See: Power of Attorney (1).
GENERAL WARRANTY DEED
A conveyancing instrument under which the grantor assumes liability for defects of title. Not needed when title insurance is purchased.
GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Accounting methods approved by the accounting profession and required in audits and reporting.
GEODETIC SYSTEM (THE UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY SYSTEM)
A network of bench marks (surveyor's marks), located by longitude and latitude, covering the entire country. Originally, this system was used to locate federally owned land, and has since been extended nation-wide.
GEORGIAN ARCHITECTURE
A colonial style of architecture dating back to the eighteenth century. Characterized by first floor windows extending to the ground, its exterior placements (windows, doors, etc.) are simple and well balanced, yet formal in appearance.
GEORGIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
A more formal and elaborate form of Georgian Architecture.
GERRYMANDER
To divide an area into districts, against the obvious natural divisions, in order to accomplish an unlawful purpose. For example: To divide a school district to keep out certain people for reasons of race or religion; to divide a political voting district as to give power to a political party.
GIFT
A voluntary transfer of property without valuable consideration.
GIFT CAUSA MORTIS
A gift made in contemplation of death. The gift is conditioned upon the death of the donor and may be revoked before the donor's death.
GIFT DEED
A deed for nominal consideration.
GIFT LETTER
A letter to HUD from the donor (giver) stating that a gift of money has been made to the buyer in order to purchase specific property. The relationship of the donor and donee is stated, as well as the amount of the gift.
GIFT TAX
A federal and sometimes a state tax on inter vivos transfers without consideration.
GINGERBREAD WORK
Use of ornamentation in architecture, especially residential, which adds to emotional appeal, rather than functional value.
GINNIE MAE
See: GNMA.
GIRDER
(1) One of the heavy beams supporting flooring joists. (2) A metal framing member of a series of heavy supports for a building, bridge, etc.
GIRT
A horizontal bracing member, running between columns or other vertical members to stiffen the framing.
GLASS
A usually transparent or translucent substance, formed by the fusion of some silica, such as sand. Glass is colored by the addition of metallic oxides, and comes in a great variety of shapes and sizes.
GLASS BLOCK
A building block of hollow glass, used as a decorative wall, but not usually a bearing wall.
GLASS-WOOL INSULATION
Insulation made in sheets from glass fibers, covered with water resistant or asphalt treated paper.
GLAZE
To finish with a glossy surface.
GLAZED BRICK
A brick having a glazed (glossy) surface.
GLUE LAMINATED BEAMS
Beams composed of layers of wood, pressed and glued together, and used to support roof rafters.
GNMA (GINNIE MAE)
Government National Mortgage Association. A federal association, working with F.H.A., which offers special assistance in obtaining mortgages, and purchases mortgages in a secondary capacity.
GNMA (GOVERNMENT NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION) OPTIONS
A method of purchasing GNMA securities through "puts" and "calls". A GNMA Call Option is the right to buy GNMA securities at a specific yield for a specified time. A Put Option is the right to sell GNMA securities at a specific yield for a specified time. The buyer pays for the option and may exercise it, not exercise it, or sell it.
GNMA ISSUER
A mortgage lender qualified to participate in the Ginnie Mae Mortgage Backed Securities Program.
GNMA PASS-THROUGH CERTIFICATES
Mortgage-backed securities insured by the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA). (See: Mortgage-backed Securities).
GOOD FAITH
Something done with good intentions, without knowledge of fraudulent circumstances, or reason to inquire further.
GOOD FAITH ESTIMATE
An estimate of all closing fees including pre-paid and escrow items as well as lender charges.
GOOD WILL
A salable asset of a business, based on its reputation rather than its physical assets.
GORE
A small parcel of land, usually triangular in shape, resulting from the failure of a legal description to join 2 tracts. (Also called: Hiatus).
GOVERNMENT LOTS
Irregularly shaped parcels of land, usually fronting on water, which could not practically be divided into sections under government survey.
GOVERNMENT NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION
See: GNMA.
GOVERNMENT SURVEY
The survey from which our present system of townships, sections, etc., was developed.
GPM
See: Graduated Payment Mortgage.
GRACE PERIOD
A period of time past the due date for a payment (mortgage, insurance, etc.) during which time a payment may be made and not considered delinquent.
GRADE
The degree of the slope of land.
GRADE SEPARATION
A structure, such as a cloverleaf of a highway, enabling roads to intersect one over the other, obviating the need for a traffic light or stop sign.
GRADED LEASE
See: Step-Up Lease.
GRADED TAX
A property tax designed to promote local development by increasing the tax rate on land and decreasing it on improvements.
GRADIENT
The degree of the slope of land.
GRADUATED LEASE
A lease calling for a varying rental, usually based on periodic appraisal or simply the passage of time.
GRADUATED PAYMENT ADJUSTABLE MORTGAGE LOAN
A combination of a graduated payment mortgage and an adjustable mortgage. Monthly payments begin at less than the amount necessary to amortize the loan and increase over a maximum 10 year period. The payment increase is not predetermined but varies as the interest rate is adjusted based on the movement of a agreed upon index.
GRADUATED PAYMENT MORTGAGE
A mortgage or deed or trust calling for increasingly higher payments over the term of the loan. This allows the buyer low beginning payments. The payments then increase as (theoretically) the buyer's earnings increase. See also:G.E.M.
GRAIN
(1) The direction, size and arrangement of the fibers of wood, leather, etc. (2) Seeds from cereal plants, such as wheat, oats, corn, etc. (3) A small particle, such as a grain of sand. (4) A unit of weight equal to 1/7000th of a pound.
GRAIN ELEVATOR
(1) A structure for the processing and storage of grain. (2) Modern farm machinery used for loading and unloading grain.
GRAND LIST
The term used for the tax roll or assessment list in the New England states.
GRANDFATHER CLAUSE
The clause in a law permitting the continuation of a use, business, etc., which, when established, was permissible but, because of a change in the law, is now not permissible. See also: Nonconforming Use.
GRANT
To transfer an interest in real property; either the fee or a lesser interest, such as an easement.
GRANT DEED
One of the many types of deeds used to transfer real property. Contains warranties against prior conveyances or encumbrances. When title insurance is purchased, warranties in a deed are of little practical significance.
GRANTEE
One to whom a grant is made. Generally, the buyer.
GRANTOR
One who grants property or property rights.
GRANTOR-GRANTEE INDEX
The record of the passing of title to all the properties in a country as kept by the county recorder's office. Property is checked by tracing the names of the sellers and buyers (chain of title). Title companies usually have more efficient methods by keeping records according to property description, rather than people's names.
GRAPH
A diagram representing statistical data by the use of dots and lines to show a relationship among things.
GRAVEL
Loose rock about two millimeters in diameter, found in great quantity, and used for roadbeds, as a surface or under paving.
GRAVEL PIT
An excavation from which gravel is removed. See also:Borrow Pit.
GRAVEYARD
See: Cemetery.
GRAVITY FURNACE
A hot air furnace which circulates by the different weights of hot and cold air, rather than by a fan.
GREEN LUMBER
Unseasoned lumber, having a higher content of moisture than that of seasoned or air-dried lumber.
GREENBELT
A landscaped area surrounding a development to separate and protect it from a neighboring incompatible use, such as separating office buildings from an industrial park.
GRID
(1) A network of pipes (as for the distribution of water or gas). (2) A network of uniformly spaced horizontal lines, as on a map or chart, used for locating points by coordinates. (3) A chart used by insurance companies and lenders for rating property, risk of the borrower, neighbor-hood, etc.
GRIDIRON PATTERN (GRIDIRON PLAN)
A layout of streets in a subdivision or city which resembles a gridiron.
GROIN
(1) In architecture, the curved point at which arched ceilings or roofs meet or intersect each other. (2) A structure, usually of pilings, used to resist shifting of coastal sands.
GROSS
Total, with no allowances or deductions, such as gross acre, gross lease, gross income, gross sales, etc.
GROSS ACRE
An acre (43,560 sq. ft.). Distinguished from a net (usable) acre.
GROSS AREA
In building measurement, the outside dimensions determine the gross area, irrespective of the area inside actually usable or rentable.
GROSS EFFECTIVE INCOME
See: Adjusted Gross Income.
GROSS INCOME
The scheduled (total) income, either actual or estimated, derived from a business or property.
GROSS INCOME MULTIPLIER
A figure which, when multiplied by the annual gross income, will theoretically determine the market value. A general rule of thumb which varies with specific properties and areas.
GROSS LEASE
A lease which obligates the lessor to pay all or part of the expenses of the leased property, such as taxes, insurance, maintenance, utilities, etc.
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)
The money value of all goods and services produced by a nation's economy for a given period of time.
GROSS PROFIT
The total profit before deductions. A general term which varies, depending upon accounting procedures.
GROSS RENT MULTIPLIER
The quotient of the sale price divided by the gross rent. Generally expressed as the monthly gross rent in a single family residential property and the yearly gross rent in multifamily units and commercial, office, or industrial property.
GROSS SALES
The total sales for a given time, before deductions for refunds, allowances, etc.
GROUND BEAM
A horizontal beam, very heavy and strong, installed at ground level to support and distribute the weight of that part of the building above the foundation.
GROUND FLOOR
See: Ground Level.
GROUND LEASE
A lease of vacant land, or land exclusive of any building on it. Usually a net lease.
GROUND LEVEL
Being at the level of the surrounding land, such as the ground floor of a building.
GROUND RENT
Rent paid for vacant land. If the property is improved, ground rent is that portion attributable to the land only.
GROUND WATER
Water in the subsoil or of a spring or shallow well.
GROUNDS
(1) The area surrounding a building which goes with and is of the same ownership as the building. The word would be used if the area were substantial, as opposed to a yard. (2) Strips of wood placed over the lath, to which molding is nailed.
GROUT
(1) Thin mortar used in masonry work to fill joints between bricks, blocks, tiles, etc. (2) A variety of plaster used to finish ceilings of superior quality.
GROWING CROP
A crop is considered "growing" from the time the seed is planted. It then stops being personal property and becomes part of the land passing with the fee unless specifically excepted.
GROWING EQUITY MORTGAGE (G.E.M.)
A fixed rate, graduated payment loan allowing low beginning payments and a shorter term because of higher payments as the loan progresses. Based on the theory of increasing income by the buyer and, therefore, ability to make higher future payments. When state law applies, usury laws in some states may not presently allow such loans when less than interest only payments create interest on interest.
GROYNE
See: Groin.
GUARANTEED MORTGAGE
See: Insured Mortgage.
GUARANTOR
One who makes a guaranty.
GUARANTY
Agreement to pay the debt or perform the obligation of another in the event the debt is not paid or obligation not performed. Differs from a surety agreement in that there must be a failure to pay or perform before the guaranty can be in effect.
GUARDIAN
One who is court appointed to manage the affairs of a minor or incompetent.
GUIDE MERIDIAN
See: Meridian.
GULLY EROSION
The formation of a gully by continued erosion through the soft topsoil (rill erosion) into the subsoil, where a more permanent channel is cut, separating areas and preventing the movement of animals, machinery, etc.
GUTTER
(1) A channel along the eaves to direct rainwater to a downspout. (2) The channel formed by the meeting of the street and curb, where rainwater runs to a sewer.
GYPSUM
An ingredient of plaster or cement; it is hydrated calcium sulphate.
GYPSUM BLOCKS
Building material used in non load-bearing walls and partitions, composed of a plaster type material.
GYPSUM PLASTER
A coarse plaster used as a basecoat, or for some exterior uses.
GYPSUM SHEATHING BOARDS
See: Gypsum Wallboard.
GYPSUM WALLBOARD
Commonly known as dry wall. A wallboard or gypsum (plaster) covered with a paper which can be painted or wallpapered.
H-BEAM
A beam, the cross-section of which is the shape of a capital H.
HABENDUM
The clause in a deed, following the granting clause, which defines the extent of the estate of the grantee.
HABITABLE ROOM
A room used for living area, such as a kitchen, bedroom, dining room, etc., as opposed to bathrooms, closets, hallways, and similar spaces. Generally, habitable rooms are the only ones counted in the number of rooms in a house; bathrooms are counted separately.
HABITANCY
A legal term meaning the place which a person inhabits (lives). The layman's meaning of a place where someone "lives" is probably the closest definition.
HACIENDA
An estate, farm, or, commonly, even a house. Originally, the royal estate.
HACK STAND
An area where taxicabs may park to solicit fares.
HALF SECTION
One half of a section of land, divided either North and South, or East and West.See also: Section.
HALF-TIMBERED
Residential construction exposing the timber frame of the interior walls, the space between being lath and plaster. In simulated half- timbering, the attaching of boards (or a plastic which is treated to resemble a timber surface) to the surface of an interior wall. In simulated half-timbering, the boards are strictly decorative, and not load-bearing.
HALL
Originally, a large building used as a meeting place, such as a town hall. The term has also become synonymous with "hallway", the latter being a relatively narrow passageway between rooms.
HAMLET
A small village or town.
HAND
A lineal measure equal to four inches, the approximate width of a man's hand. Most commonly used to measure the height of a horse.
HARBOR
A natural or man made sheltered area for ships to anchor. May or may not have docks and other port facilities.
HARD COSTS
See: Direct Costs.
HARD FINISH
A smooth outer coat of varnish, plaster, or similar finish material.
HARD MONEY MORTGAGE
A mortgage given in return for cash, rather than to secure a portion of the purchase price, as with a purchase money mortgage.
HARDPAN
A compacted layer of soil, usually containing clay, through which it is difficult to drain or dig.
HARDWARE
In construction, the metal accessories, such as doorknobs, hinges, locks, etc.
HARDWOOD
Wood used for interior finish, such as oak, maple, and walnut. Although the term originally referred to the type of tree and not the hardness of the wood, modern usage usually refers to the hardness of the wood.
HARMONIOUS
Blending compatibly, as parts of buildings, buildings in a neighborhood or subdivision, etc.
HATCHWAY
Usually describes a door in the deck of a boat. A door in the ceiling or floor of a building, giving access to the attic or cellar.
HAZARD INSURANCE
Real estate insurance protecting against loss caused by fire, some natural causes, vandalism, etc., depending upon the terms of the policy.
HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM
Determining which sites are most in need of immediate Superfund money. The system was created by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). The ranking considers such things as degree of toxicity, amount of toxicity, and danger to people.
HEAD
(1) The upper framing member of a door or window. Also called a header. (2) The beginning of a river or stream.
HEAD OF A FAMILY (HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD)
A term used in homestead exemptions to designate the person in charge of managing and supporting a family. It need not be a parent.
HEADER (LINTEL)
A horizontal beam over a wall opening, such as a doorway, fireplace, etc. The header is attached to vertical framing members, and spreads the weight from above to these members.
HEARTH
(1) The fireside. (2) The fireplace floor, of stone, brick, tile, etc.
HEARTWOOD
A dead portion of a tree, no longer producing sap. The wood from the center of the tree (pith) to the wood which produces sap (sapwood).
HEAT PUMP
A pump used in either heating or cooling.
HEATER
Connotes a device working by itself to heat a small area (space heater), rather than a heating system, composed of a central source of heat (furnace) and pipes and ducts which heat several spaces.
HEATING SYSTEM
A general term encompassing any system designed to heat a structure in its entirety, as opposed to a space heater.
HEAVY INDUSTRY
Any industry designated "heavy industry" under a zoning ordinance. Usually connected with some type of pollution, such as air, water, or noise pollution.
HEAVY STEEL FRAME
A building having steel beams, girders, or other framing members, which carry heavy floor loads.
HECTARE
A french unit of measurement, equaling 10,000 square meters (2.471 acres).
HEEL
That part of a vertical framing member which rests closest to the floor.
HEIGHT DENSITY
A zoning term referring to the regulation of maximum building heights for structures in given areas.
HEIR
One who by law, rather than by will, receives the estate of a deceased person.
HEIRS AND ASSIGNS
Words usually found in a deed, showing the interest the grantee is receiving. A deed to "A, his heirs and assigns", would grant the property to A, with the right to assign said property or have it descend to A's heirs upon A's death. This would be considered a fee interest (estate). This would differ from, for example, a life estate granted to A, which would terminate upon A's death and could not be inherited by A's heirs.
HELP (HOMEBUYER EDUCATION LEARNING PROGRAM)
An educational program from the FHA that counsels people about the home buying process. Completion of the program may entitle the homebuyer to a reduced initial FHA mortgage insurance premium.
HEREDITAMENTS
(1) Anything which could be considered real property. (2) Anything which may be inherited.
HETEROGENEOUS
An appraisal term describing an area composed of buildings of varied styles or uses. Not as desirable as homogeneous property.
HIATUS
See: Gore.
HIGH WATER LINE
The line on the shore to which high tide rises under normal weather conditions.
HIGH-RISE APARTMENT BUILDING
An apartment building considered "high" in the area where it is built. There is no national height standard.
HIGHEST AND BEST USE
The use of land which will result in its highest value. In appraisal this cannot be merely theoretical but must be realistic in that the use must be legal (proper zoning, etc.), physically achievable and financially feasible.
HIGHWAY
Technically, any public road, regardless of size. Most commonly, a paved road which carries traffic at high speeds.
HIGHWAY CAPACITY
The number of vehicles which may move along a highway at the same time. The number may vary as the type (size) of the vehicles vary, speed limit changes, access changes, etc.
HIGHWAY FRONTAGE
Technically, land which fronts on a highway. For purposes of determining value, land which fronts on and has access to a highway.
HIP
The convex angle at the exterior meeting of the sides of a hip roof.
HIP RAFTER
The rafter which forms the intersection of a convex roof angle.
HIP ROOF
A roof with four sloping sides which rise to a ridge. Usually found on garages or church steeples. Also called a pyramid roof.
HISTORICAL COST
The cost of a building when first constructed, as opposed to the original cost (cost to the present owner), although they may be the same.
HOGWALLOWS
Small depressions formed by heavy rains, resembling the depressions left after the wallowing of hogs.
HOLD HARMLESS AGREEMENT
A statement in a legal contract stating that an individual or organization is not liable for any injuries or damages caused to the individual signing the contract. Typically this is used to protect the real estate licensees from liability.
HOLD OVER TENANT
A tenant who retains possession after the expiration of a lease.
HOLDBACK
Portion of a loan held back by the lender until a contingency is net. In the sale of a home insured by V.A. or F.H.A., funds may be held back to make necessary improvements to bring the property to V.A. or F.H.A. standards. The money to make these repairs may not be available until closing. One and one half to double the estimated amount necessary is held back. If repairs are not made in the time allowed, these funds are used to make the repairs. In construction financing, funds are held back until, for example, a certain percentage of a subdivision has been sold, or a certain portion of a building has been completed.
HOLDER
One who rightfully acquires a negotiable instrument, such as a check or note. A holder has the same rights as an assignee, which are less than the rights of a holder in due course. See also: Holder In Due Course.
HOLDER IN DUE COURSE
The transferee of a negotiable instrument, such as a check or note, for value, in good faith and without knowledge that the instrument is in default or has been dishonored. A holder in due course has greater rights than a holder and may have greater rights than the original transferor.
HOLDING ESCROW
An open escrow for the life of a land contract, under which the escrow holder may be empowered to collect payments due under the contract and pay underlying encumbrances, and record a deed and purchase money mortgage, which are executed at the time of the inception of the land contract and held in the escrow, in the event of default by vendee. A cumbersome and costly method not used in all states, and in states where used, rapidly being replaced by the security (installment) land contract.
HOLDING PERIOD
The time period used by the IRS to determine a long or short term capital gain. The period during which the taxpayer owns the capital asset.
HOLDOVER TENANT
One who continues to occupy property after the lease expires.
HOLLOW WALL
See: Cavity Wall.
HOLLOW-NEWELL STAIR
A circular stairway having a hollow center. Usually the curve of the circle is severe.
HOLOGRAPH OR HOLOGRAPHIC WILL
A will written and executed entirely in the handwriting of the testator.
HOME EQUITY CONVERSION MORTGAGE (HECM)
The reverse mortgage program insured by the Federal Housing Administration, a federal government agency. See: Reverse Mortgage.
HOME EQUITY LINE OF CREDIT
See: Equity Line of Credit.
HOME FINANCING
A banking term for loans to construct or property of no more than 4 units.
HOME INSPECTION
A private company goes through the property being sold and writes a report detailing any structural and/or mechanical problems. If the inspection is a condition of purchase, the buyer may then cancel the purchase or offer a lower amount if defects are found.
HOME OWNERS' ASSOCIATION
(1) An association of people who own homes in a given area, formed for the purpose of improving or maintaining the quality of the area. (2) An association formed by the builder of condominiums or planned developments, and required by statute in some states. The builder's participation as well as the duties of the association are controlled by statute.
HOME OWNERSHIP
Ownership as opposed to a rental status. See also: Ownership.
HOME WARRANTY INSURANCE
Private insurance insuring a buyer against defects (usually in plumbing, heating, and electrical) in the home he has purchased. The period of insurance varies and both new and used homes may be insured.
HOMEKEEPER
A reverse mortgage loan from the Federal National Mortgage Association for persons 62 and older. The loan is used to purchase a home with a small down payment and no credit and income requirements. The loan is based on the number and age of the borrowers and the appraised value of the home.
HOMEOWNER'S INSURANCE
Includes the coverage of Hazard Insurance plus added coverage such as personal liability, theft away from the home (items stolen from the insured's car), and other such coverage.
HOMESTEAD
The dwelling (house and contiguous land) of the head of a family. Some states grant statutory exemptions, protecting homestead property (usually to a set maximum amount) against the rights of creditors. Property tax exemptions (for all or part of the tax) are also available in some states. Statutory requirements to establish a homestead may include a formal declaration to be recorded.
HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION
See: Homestead.
HOMOGENEOUS
Similar or the same. In appraisal, an area having similar style properties or properties of similar use is considered more valuable than a heterogeneous area.
HOOD
A projecting canopy, as over a door or window. Any covering serving the protective purpose of a clothing hood.
HOPPER
A device used on the sides of hospital windows to prevent drafts.
HOPPER WINDOW
See: Hospital Window.
HORIZON
Limestone deposits under the C horizon.
HORIZONTAL
Parallel to the horizon. From side to side, rather than up or down.
HOSPITAL
An institution where care, nursing, and surgery are performed for the sick and injured. May be government or privately owned.
HOSPITAL WINDOW
A window that opens inwardly from bottom hinges and has hoppers (draft preventers) on its sides.
HOT AIR HEATING SYSTEM
See: Warm Air Heating System.
HOT WATER HEATER
A tank, usually glass lined, in which water is heated for household, commercial, or industrial use.
HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEM
A heating system using circulating hot water from a boiler through a series of pipes to the areas to be heated, and back to the boiler.
HOTEL
Originally, any place for travelers to spend the night. Any hotel built today would be a multi-storied structure having sleeping rooms with private bathrooms, suites, telephones in each rentable room, at least one restaurant, and many other amenities.
HOUR-INCH
A flow of one miner's inch for one hour. The value of a miner's inch is not standard, being 1/40th of a cubic foot per second in some areas, and 1/50th of a cubic foot per second in others.
HOUSE
Any building used as a residence. When in the phrase "the house of", it is usually used to describe a commercial business (from the French "chez").
HOUSE SEWER
The sewage system from the public sewer in the street to and in the house it serves.
HOUSING AND HOME FINANCE AGENCY
A federal agency created in 1947. A forerunner of HUD, having many of the same powers and duties.
HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (HUD), DEPARTMENT OF
The federal department responsible for the major housing programs in the United States, such as F.H.A.
HOUSING CODE
See: Building Code.
HOUSING COUNSELING AGENCY
A government agency that provides counseling and assistance to individuals on issues such as loan default, fair housing, and home buying.
HOUSING STARTS
Number of houses on which construction has begun. The figures are used to determine the availability of housing, need for real estate loans, need for labor and materials, etc.
HUD (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT)
See: Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Department of.
HUD1 STATEMENT
Also known as a settlement sheet. It itemizes all closing costs; must be given to the borrower at or before closing.
HUMIDIFIER
A unit, usually part of a heating system, which raises the relative humidity in a room or building by the emission of water vapor into the air.
HUMMOCKS
Low mounds or conical knolls rising above the ground.
HUMUS
The organic portion of soil, formed by partially decomposed animal and vegetable matter.
HUNDRED PERCENT LOCATION
An appraisal term referring either to land of the highest value in an area, or land best suited to a specific use.
HURST
A wooded hill. A grove.
HUSBAND
A man legally married to a living woman.
HUTCH
(1) A hut or hovel used as a shelter by a person. (2) A house for rabbits.
HVAC
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
HYDRAULIC CEMENT
A cement which resists moisture.
HYDROELECTRIC PLANT
A plant which generates electricity from flowing water, usually at a waterfall.
HYDROGRAPH
A device which records or charts the depth of water, as in a well, or flow, as in a stream.
HYPOTHECATE
To mortgage or pledge without delivery of the security to the lender.
I-BEAM
An iron or steel structural framing member, in cross-section forming the letter I.
I-GIRDER
See: I-Beam.
IDEM SONANS
Sounding the same. Legally, names improperly spelled need not void an instrument, provided the written name sounds the same as the correctly spelled name, and there is no evidence of any intent to deceive by incorrect spelling.
IGENOUS ROCK
Rock produced by the cooling of magma within the earth (plutonic rock) or on the surface (volcanic rock).
ILLUVIATION
The deposit of soil material by elevation.
IMMOVABLE
Used frequently in definitions of real estate, things which cannot be moved, such as land, buildings, etc.
IMPACT FEES
Fees charged for improvements that impact public facilities such as sewers. Building a new house or even adding a bathroom could result in impact fees being charged by the local government.
IMPERIAL GALLON
A measure of 277 cubic inches, as opposed to the 231 cubic inch standard gallon.
IMPLIED
Something apparent from the circumstances, rather than from direct action or communication.
IMPLIED AGENCY
An agency which is not expressly set out but must be deduced from the circumstances and other facts. It is an actual agency as opposed to an ostensible agency or agency by estoppel (see which).
IMPLIED CONTRACT
A contract formed by the actions of the parties rather than by their written or oral agreement.
IMPLIED LISTING
An implied contract (see which) which would be governed by contract law, including the statute of frauds.
IMPLIED NOTICE
A form of actual notice not expressly given. For example: "A" purchases property from "B". "C" is in possession. "A" will have implied notice that "C" may have an interest in the property if reasonable observation and inquiry on the part of "A" would have disclosed the interest of "C".
IMPLIED WARRANTY
A warranty given by law or circumstances rather than by words of the seller. See also: Express Warranty.
IMPOUND ACCOUNT
Account held by a lender for payment of taxes, insurance, or other periodic debts against real property. The mortgagor or trustor pays a portion of, for example, the yearly taxes, with each monthly payment. The lender pays the tax bill from the accumulated funds.
IMPOUND DISBURSEMENTS
The payment of escrowed funds to pay taxes and insurance when due.
IMPROVED LAND
Land having either on-site improvements, off-site improvements, or both.
IMPROVED VALUE
An appraisal term encompassing the total value of land and improvements (buildings) rather than the separate values of each.
IMPROVEMENT BOND
A bond issued by a municipality to finance any public improvement.
IMPROVEMENT MORTGAGE BOND
A bond to finance improvements by a business which is secured by a general mortgage.
IMPROVEMENTS
Generally, buildings, but may include any permanent structure or other development, such as a street, utilities, etc. See also: On- Site Improvements; Off-Site Improvements.
IMPROVEMENTS-ON-LAND
See: On-Site Improvements.
IMPROVEMENTS-TO-LAND
See: Off-Site Improvements.
IN GROSS
Personal rather than attached to land. An easement in gross has no dominant tenement.
IN PERPETUITY
Of endless duration; forever.
IN PERSONAM
Directed at specific persons rather than against property or generally for all people.
IN RE
In the matter of.
IN REM
Pertaining to property or people in general.
INADEQUATE IMPROVEMENT
See: Underimprovement.
INCHOATE
Incomplete; begun but not completed; contingent.
INCHOATE DOWER
The dower interest of a wife during the life of her husband. May vest at his death.
INCHOATE INSTRUMENT
An unrecorded instrument (such as a deed) which is valid only between the parties and those having actual notice; but not against "the world" as it would be after recording.
INCINERATOR
A heavily insulated, furnace-like device for burning rubbish, giving off a minimum of heat and smoke, and burning the rubbish more completely than an open fire.
INCOME
Generally, any increase in the assets of a person or corporation caused by labor, sales, or return on invested funds. May be different for tax purposes.
INCOME APPROACH
See: Income Capitalization Approach.
INCOME AVERAGING
A method of figuring income tax by paying tax on the average income per year for the past five years. For example: A, a real estate salesperson, earns $10,000 taxable income for 4 years. In the fifth year, A sells a shopping center and earns $100,000 taxable income. A could take the total income for 5 years ($140,000), divide by 5 ($28,000), and pay tax on $28,000 for the past 5 years, less what A has already paid.
INCOME CAPITALIZATION APPROACH
Estimating value (v) by dividing Net Operating Income (N.O.I.) by an overall capitalization rate R0. N.O.I. ÷ R0 = v. See: Overall Capitalization Rate.
INCOME PARTICIPATION
See: Participation.
INCOME PROPERTY
Property which produces income, usually from rental. May also include any property not entirely owner occupied.
INCOME TAX LIEN
See: Tax Lien (2).
INCOMPETENT
One who is mentally or physically unable to handle his property without help. A court will appoint someone to handle the financial affairs of such a person.
INCORPORATE
To create a corporation.
INCORPOREAL RIGHTS
Rights to intangibles, such as legal actions, rather than rights to property (rights to possession or use of land).
INCREASE CLAUSE
See: Escalation Clause.
INCREASING AND DIMINISHING RETURNS
An economic theory that an increase in capital or manpower will not increase production proportionately (five workers may do less than five times the work of one worker; and two workers may do more than twice the work of one worker). When the increase in production is proportionately greater than the addition, there is an increasing return; when production is proportionately less than the addition, the return diminishes.
INCREMENT
An increase or growth, gained or added, such as a population increase.
INCUMBRANCE (ENCUMBRANCE)
A claim, lien, charge, or liability attached to and binding real property. Any right to, or interest in, land which may exist in one other than the owner, but which will not prevent the transfer of fee title.
INCURABLE DEPRECIATION
1. A defect that would cost more to fix than the increase in value it would bring. 2. A defect that is not financially practical to fix.
INCURABLE FUNCTIONAL OBSOLESCENCE
See: Functional Obsolescence.
INCURABLE PHYSICAL DETERIORATION
See: Physical Deterioration.
INDEMNITY AGREEMENT
An agreement by which one party agrees to repay another for any loss or damage the latter may suffer.
INDENTURE DEED
A deed executed by both grantor and grantee, containing reciprocal agreements (grants or obligations). See also: Deed Poll.
INDEPENDENT APPRAISAL
An appraisal by one who has no interest in the property or nothing to gain from a high or low appraisal.
INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR
The term is most important as used to describe the relationship of broker and salesperson. The salesperson is either an employee or independent contractor. If an employee, the broker must withhold income tax and pay social security, provide workman's compensation when applicable, and may be liable for some negligent acts of the salesperson while on the job, such as automobile accidents. The broker avoids all of these responsibilities if the salesperson is an independent contractor. The greater the control over the salesperson, the more likely the salesperson will be considered an employee. Some examples of this control would be required office hours or attendance at regularly scheduled meetings, as well as payment or reimbursement by the broker for license fees, auto expenses, etc.
INDEX
See: Rate Index.
INDEX LEASE
See: Escalation Clause (2).
INDEXING
To alter mortgage term, payment, or rate according to inflation and/or a suitable mortgage rate index. See also: Rate Index.
INDIGENT MORTGAGE
See: County Mortgage.
INDIRECT CONSTRUCTION COSTS
Those costs other than labor and materials, such as administrative costs, financing costs, taxes and insurance, loss of interest on money invested, etc.
INDIRECT LIGHTING
Lighting by means of reflecting the light off the ceiling, wall, or other reflector, in order to soften glare.
INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT
See: IRA.
INDORSEMENT (ENDORSEMENT)
The act of the holder of a note, bill, check, or other negotiable instrument, of assigning said instrument by signing the back of the instrument, with or without qualifications.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BONDS
Bonds issued to finance industrial or commercial real estate developments.
INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE
A method of promoting property exclusively listed by a member of the American Industrial Real Estate Association (A.I.R.), by making each listing known to all members.
INDUSTRIAL PARK
A subdivision in the pattern of residential subdivisions, except catering to the needs of industry. Off-site improvements may have stronger roads, heavy plumbing and wiring, wider streets for trucks, rail spurs, and other necessities for industry.
INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
(1) Land which is zoned industrial. (2) Real property improved specifically for industrial use.
INDUSTRIAL SIDING
A railroad siding (spur track) which serves an industrial park or building.
INDUSTRIAL TAX EXEMPTION
An exemption from local property taxes granted to encourage industries to come into an area. Has been used successfully in the South. Usually granted for a definite period.
INFLATION
The expanse or increase in an economy over its natural growth. Usually caused by over printing money and over-extending credit. Marked by a rapid increase in the price of goods.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Services and facilities necessary to cities, such as streets, bridges, public transportation routes, utility generation and delivery, etc. The term can be applied in the same way to a development.
INGRESS AND EGRESS
A right to enter upon and pass through land.
INHARMONIOUS
Conflicting surroundings. In appraising, a property not suited to its surroundings is inharmonious, and consequently less valuable than property which is better located.
INHERITANCE
In a legal meaning, real property obtained by law rather than by will; generally misused to mean anything which comes from a deceased person.
INHERITANCE TAX
A tax on the transfer of property from a deceased person; based on the right to acquire the property rather than the property itself.
INITIAL INTEREST RATE
See: Start Rate.
INITIAL TERM
The period before the first adjustment of an adjustable rate mortgage.
INITIALS
The first letter of one's first (maybe middle) and last name. May be used as a signature when indicated, and usually used to indicate agreement to a change, correction, addition, deletion, or other alteration of a document. Modernly, stricter laws regarding validity of initials and marks to replace a signature have been enacted.
INJUNCTION
An order by a court preventing one from acting or restraining one from continuing some action.
INLAID PARQUET
See: Parquet Floor.
INLAND WATERS
All bodies of water exclusive of the open sea.
INLET
A narrow waterway extending inland.
INLIQUIDITY
Describing assets not readily convertible to cash.
INNER CITY
A term of no exact meaning but having the connotation of a low economic, high crime area of a large city, rather than merely the geographic central area of a city.
INNOCENT LANDOWNER DEFENSE
A defense created by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA). One who acquires contaminated property may avoid liability for cleanup by showing that he/she did not know, nor should not have known, of the contamination. The depth of inquiry required by the landowner before acquisition has not yet been completely established.
INNOCENT PURCHASER FOR VALUE
Another term for one who purchases in good faith, or a bona fide purchaser. The innocent part refers to no prior knowledge (actual or constructive) of an unrecorded interest in the property, such as a prior sale to a third party or a loan secured by the property. The for value part refers to a valuable consideration paid by said purchaser for the property.
INQUIRY
An item on a consumer's credit report showing that there has been a request for a copy of that person's credit report. An excessive number of inquiries may lower the person's FICO SCORE.
INSIDE LOT
Not a corner lot.
INSIDE TRIM
See: Interior Trim.
INSOLVENCY
Generally applied to a person, corporation, bank, etc., when there is an inability to pay debts as they become due or within a reasonable time thereafter.
INSOLVENT
Incapable of meeting one's current debts.
INSPECTION
An examination of property for various reasons, such as a termite inspection, inspection to see if required repairs were made before funds are released, etc.
INSTALLMENT
The periodic payments, usually monthly, made by a borrower.
INSTALLMENT CONTRACT
A method of purchasing by installment (usually monthly) payments. When referring to real property, it is usually called a land contract.
INSTALLMENT LAND SALES CONTRACT
See: Land Contract.
INSTALLMENT NOTE
A note calling for payment of both principal and interest in specified amounts, or specified minimum amounts, at specific intervals.
INSTALLMENT NOTE INTEREST EXTRA
See: Interest Extra Note.
INSTALLMENT NOTE INTEREST INCLUDED
See: Interest Included Note.
INSTALLMENT NOTE, BALANCE DUE DATE
A note requiring a final payment much greater than the periodic installment payment. A balloon note.
INSTITUTE OF REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT
The organization conferring the designation of C.P.M. (Certified Property Manager), which is considered the most prestigious designation in the field of property management.
INSTITUTIONAL LENDERS
Banks, savings and loan associations, and other businesses which make loans to the public in the ordinary course of business, rather than individuals, or companies which may make loans to employees.
INSTITUTIONAL PROPERTY
Property, the use of which is created by law, such as schools or hospitals. May also refer to corresponding private properties, such as private schools and hospitals.
INSTRUMENT
Any writing having legal form and significance, such as a deed, mortgage, will, lease, etc.
INSULATION
Materials used for their qualities of hindering the passage or transmission of sound, cold, heat, or electricity.
INSULATION BOARD
Sheets of compressed vegetable pulp, such as sugarcane or cornstalks, which, because of tiny pockets of trapped air throughout its density, provides good insulation.
INSURABLE INTEREST
Concerning real property, an interest which, if terminated, destroyed, or in any other way interfered with, would cause a financial loss to the holder of the interest. May be a mortgagee, owner, lessee, etc.
INSURABLE TITLE
Fee title (ownership) to property free of defects. There may, and usually are, liens and encumbrances.
INSURABLE VALUE
Value of property for insurance purposes. Based on the value of the property, less indestructible parts (land) for fire insurance. For title insurance purposes, the sales price (market value) is used.
INSURANCE
A contract under which, for a consideration, one party (the insurer) agrees to indemnify another (the insured) for a possible loss under specific conditions. May be loss of life, health, property, or property rights.
INSURANCE ACCOUNT
For an insured loan, the account showing the amount a lender or buyer may recover for losses suffered on the insured loan.
INSURANCE BINDER
Temporary insurance until a more permanent policy can be written.
INSURED MORTGAGE
A mortgage insured against loss to the mortgagee in the event of default and a failure of the mortgaged property to satisfy the balance owing plus costs of foreclosure. May be insured by F.H.A., V.A., or by independent mortgage insurance companies.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
See: Intangible Property.
INTANGIBLE PROPERTY
Property which has value but cannot be physically touched, such as a patent, the goodwill of a business, etc.
INTANGIBLE VALUE
The value of intangible property or the intangible portions of tangible property.
INTER ALIA
Among other things.
INTER ALIOS
Between other persons.
INTER VIVOS
Between living persons. Property transferred between living persons would fall under different laws than property transferred after death or in contemplation of death.
INTER VIVOS TRUST
A trust during the life of the settlor rather than upon death. See also: Testamentary Trust.
INTERCHANGE
A method of connecting highways by ramps and grade level changes, so as to obviate the need for controls (lights, stop signs, etc.).
INTERCHANGE RAMP
A ramp at an interchange. See also: Interchange.
INTEREST
(1) A share or right in some property. (2) Money charged for the use of money (principal).
INTEREST ACCRUAL RATE
The percentage rate at which interest accrues based on the terms of the note. Example: A fixed rate loan of 6% per year would have an accrual rate of 6%. An adjustable rate loan would have an accrual rate based on the formula for determining interest.
INTEREST EXTRA NOTE
A note stating an equal (usually monthly) payment on principal, plus interest. As the interest decreases (based on declining principal balance) the total payment decreases. The amount applied to principal remains the same. See also: Interest Included Note.
INTEREST INCLUDED NOTE
A note having equal payments (usually monthly). Interest is figured on the declining principal balance. As the principal decreases, interest also decreases, applying more of each payment to principal. See also: Interest Extra Note.
INTEREST ONLY MORTGAGE
A mortgage under which the principal amount borrowed is repaid in one payment. Periodic interest payments are made
INTEREST ONLY NOTE
See: Interest Only Mortgage.
INTEREST RATE
The percentage of an amount of money which is paid for its use for a specified time. Usually expressed as an annual percentage.
INTEREST RATE BUYDOWN PLAN
See: Buydown.
INTEREST RATE CAP
The maximum interest rate increase of an Adjust-able Mortgage Loan. For example: a 12% loan with a 5% interest rate cap would have maximum interest for the life of the loan which would not exceed 17%.
INTEREST RATE CEILING
The highest rate that can be charged on an adjustable rate mortgage. Also called a Cap.
INTEREST RATE FLOOR
The lowest rate that can be charged on an adjustable rate mortgage if interest rates go down. Not all adjustable rate loans allow rates to go below the beginning rate.
INTEREST RATE TRENDS
The direction of interest rates. Higher rates usually predict a slowdown in real estate sales and mortgage refinancing. Lower rates predict the opposite.
INTERIM FINANCING
Temporary financing, usually for construction.
INTERIM LOAN
See: Interim Financing.
INTERIOR LOT
See: Inside Lot.
INTERIOR TRIM
All of the moldings on the inside walls of a building.
INTERLOCUTORY DECREE
A provisional or temporary decree, pending some contingency before a final decree. Sometimes the contingency may be only the passage of time.
INTERMEDIARY
See: Qualified Intermediary.
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR)
The IRR measures the annual yield of a financial instrument. For investments, the IRR measures the average rate of return the investment is expected to yield over its life. For lending, the IRR measures the cost of credit over the life of the credit transaction.
INTERPLEADER
A court action which may be filed in an existing case or be the initial action. One holding funds which are in dispute, but not having an interest in the funds, would file an interpleader. For example: An escrow agent is holding a deposit of a buyer which funds both buyer and seller claim to be entitled. Escrow is willing to give the funds to either buyer or seller but does not want to be liable for giving the funds to the wrong party. The interpleader filed by the escrow agent asks the court to determine to whom the funds should be awarded.
INTERSECTION
A crossing, usually of roads, but may be lines, such as on a map or survey.
INTERSTATE
Between two or more states.
INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM
A federal system of roads which cross the United States, linking its major cities.
INTERSTATE LAND SALES
Sales of land to a buyer in another state. Because the buyer is usually totally dependent on the seller for information regarding the property, federal disclosure laws have been passed to aid the buyer. The buyer also has a period (now 3 days) after signing a purchase agreement, in which to rescind. The laws were passed because of the large promotional land sales of the 50's and early 60's, some of which sold worthless desert and swamp land.
INTERVAL OWNERSHIP
See: Time-Sharing.
INTESTACY
See: Intestate.
INTESTATE
Without leaving a will, or leaving an invalid will so that the property of the estate passes by the laws of succession rather than by direction of the deceased.
INTRINSIC VALUE
The value of the thing itself, rather than any special features which make its market value different. For example: The intrinsic value of a painting is the worth of the canvas and paint, rather than the value to an art collector.
INURE
To take effect, to result.
INVENTORY
(1) The goods of a business which are sold in the every day course of business, such as houses by a builder. (2) A detailed list of property, such as of an estate.
INVERSE CONDEMNATION
Condemnation of property near a parcel so as to cause the parcel to lose much of its value. In such a case the parcel is, in effect, condemned and just compensation must be paid to the owner.
INVESTMENT
The putting up of money with the intent to make a profit or receive interest.
INVESTMENT PROPERTY
Generally, any property purchased for the primary purpose of profit. The profit may be from income or from resale.
INVESTMENT TRUST
A company which sells its own stock and invests the money in stocks, real estate, or other investments. See also: R.E.I.T., Real Estate Investment Trust.
INVESTMENT YIELD
The gain from an investment in real property, including both income and resale. Expressed as a percentage of the amount invested.
INVOLUNTARY ALIENATION
See: Involuntary Conveyance.
INVOLUNTARY CONVERSION
Conversion of real property to personal property (money) without the voluntary act of the owner. This occurs when property is taken by eminent domain (condemnation). The owner is allowed to convert back to real property (buy another property) without paying tax on the gain from the condemnation. This must be done within a set time (3 years) and the prices of the old and new property are considered to form a new tax base.
INVOLUNTARY CONVEYANCE
A transfer of real property without the consent of the owner, such as by a divorce decree, by condemnation, etc.
INVOLUNTARY LIEN
A lien, such as a tax lien, judgment lien, etc., which attaches to property without the consent of the owner, rather than mortgage lien, to which the owner agrees.
INVOLUNTARY TRUST
See: Constructive Trust.
IRA (INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT
Savings programs available to individuals. These plans allow for a certain amount to be deposited each year. This money is not subject to income tax for that year or following years as long as it is not withdrawn. The money is taxed as withdrawn upon retirement, usually when the depositor is in a lower tax bracket. During the life of the account, the money may be put into various interest bearing investments. Securities dealers as well as banking institutions now offer IRA's.
IRON-SAFE CLAUSE
A clause in a policy of fire insurance requiring the insured to keep certain records (usually inventory) in a fire-proof safe.
IRONCLAD CONTRACT
A term of no legal meaning, being a contract which is considered strong (as iron) and hard to break.
IRREGULAR CURVE
See: French Curve.
IRREVOCABLE
That which cannot be revoked or recalled, such as certain trusts, contracts, and other legal relationships.
IRREVOCABLE OFFER
See: Option.
IRRIGATION
Watering, usually by means of pipes, to increase the fertility of ground in areas where additional moisture is needed for crop growth.
IRRIGATION DISTRICT
A local agency which builds and operates an irrigation system (supplies water to a designated area), and has authority to levy taxes for that purpose.
IRRIGATION DITCH
A ditch, channel, canal, etc., used to carry water to or through a planted area to bring water to the planted crops.
ISLAND
(1) Land surrounded by a body of water. (2) A space between oncoming lanes of a highway.
ISLAND ZONING
See: Spot Zoning.
ISOHYETAL LINE
A line on a map connecting areas which have approximately the same rainfall or thunderstorm activities.
JACK RAFTER
A short rafter, used in a hip roof or valley roof, or to simulate a rafter which extends beyond the exterior walls.
JACOB'S LADDER
A hanging ladder, made with wooden steps and sides of rope.
JALOUSIES
Fixed or adjustable horizontal slats, used in doors, windows, shutters, etc., to keep out sun and rain, while letting in light and air.
JAMB
The vertical lining of an opening, such as a doorway, fireplace, window, etc.
JANITOR
One who is hired to take care of a building. Generally associated with cleaning, locking up after closing, and minor repair.
JERRY-BUILT
A structure built of inferior and inexpensive materials. Poorly built.
JETTY
(1) A pier or other structure (usually of stones), built out into a body of water to hinder the currents and so protect a harbor. (2) A part of a building which projects out beyond the exterior walls, such as an overhanging second story, a balcony, etc.
JOINDER
Joining together in some legal proceeding.
JOINT
(1) Meaning two or more, such as joint tenants, joint adventurers, etc. (2) The point of union or connection of two members, whether pipes, boards, or other members.
JOINT ADVENTURE
A combining by two or more persons of their property, skill, efforts, etc., for a specific business purpose. Single purpose partnerships are now most commonly used and are based on the same idea of the single purpose business venture.
JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY
Allowing the plaintiff to sue one defendant (sever that one from the others) for the entire amount of damages, as well as the ability to sue more than one or all defendants (joint).
JOINT APPRAISAL
An appraisal by more than one appraiser, but one which states common conclusions of all.
JOINT ESTATE
See: Joint Tenancy.
JOINT NOTE
A promise to pay, executed by two or more persons, each having equal liability. See also: Surety.
JOINT OWNERSHIP
Property owned by more than one person or entity.
JOINT PROTECTION POLICY
A policy of title insurance which insures both the owner and the lender under the same policy.
JOINT TENANCY
An undivided interest in property, taken by two or more joint tenants. The interests must be equal, accuring under the same conveyance, and beginning at the same time. Upon the death of a joint tenant, the interest passes to the surviving joint tenants, rather than to the heirs of the deceased.
JOINT TENANTS
Those holding under joint tenancy. See also: Joint Tenancy.
JOINT VENTURE
See: Joint Adventure.
JOINTURE
A life estate for a wife which takes effect upon the death of her husband. Takes the place of dower, but must be agreed to by the wife and is not an automatic right such as dower.
JOISTS
Small beams, usually not more than five inches thick, which are in parallel and support floors and ceilings. The joists are supported by larger beams, bearing walls, girders, etc. A joist is rectangular in cross-section, the narrow face being the joist, the wide face the plank.
JUDGEMENT CREDITOR
A person, corporation, etc., that has been awarded a money judgement by a court. Recording and abstract of said judgement will create a lien on real property owned by the judgement debtor in the county where the abstract is recorded.
JUDGEMENT DEBTOR
A person, corporation etc., against whom a money judgement has been awarded by a court. See: Judgement Creditor.
JUDGMENT (JUDGEMENT)
The decision of a court of law. Money judgments, when recorded, become a lien on real property of the defendant.
JUDGMENT LIEN
A lien against the property of a judgment debtor. An involuntary lien.
JUDGMENT PROOF
One against whom a judgment creditor cannot collect (no assets). If one can show he was defrauded by a "judgment proof" real estate licensee, he may recover from the state fund in states having such a fund.
JUDICIAL FORECLOSURE
Foreclosure through court action rather than by a power of sale. Judicial foreclosure is sometimes necessary to remove certain tax liens.
JUDICIAL SALE
A sale made under court order, by one court appointed, rather than a voluntary sale by the owner, or one appointed by the owner.
JUMBO LOAN
A loan greater than the amount allowable for purchase by a federal agency.
JUMBO VA LOAN
A loan for an amount greater than the allowable 100% financed amount. It is determined by subtracting the maximum allowable 100% financed amount from the purchase price and financing 75% of the difference. Example: maximum allowable VA Loan - $110,000. Sale price - $130,000. Difference is $20,000;75% of the difference is $15,000. Total jumbo loan - $110,000 plus $15,000=$125,000. Required down payment - $5000.
JUNCTION BOX
A metal box used to enclose the meeting (junction) of electrical circuits, wires, and cables.
JUNIOR LIEN
A lien which is subordinate to a prior lien.
JUNIOR MORTGAGE
Any mortgage of lesser priority than a first mortgage.
JUNK VALUE
See: Salvage Value.
JURAT
(1) The certificate of an officer before whom a writing was sworn to, such as a notary public. (2) That part of an affidavit stating where, when, and before whom, the affidavit was sworn.
JURISDICTION
The extent of the authority of a court, or other governmental branch or agency.
JUST COMPENSATION
In condemnation the amount paid to the property owner. The theory is that in order to be "just", the property owner should be no richer or poorer than before the taking.
KAME
A small mound or hill composed of stratified glacial deposits.
KEENE'S CEMENT
An unusually tough and durable gypsum plaster to which alum has been added. Used primarily for walls of commercial buildings.
KEEPER
A term seldom used in the United States. A custodian of a building or grounds.
KELP-SHORE
The shore between the high and low water marks.
KEOGH PLAN
A retirement plan whereby a self-employed person may set aside a certain portion of income (tax deferred) into a retirement account. The money is taxable upon withdrawal at retirement when the person's tax bracket is often lower.
KERF
(1) A notch or slit made by a saw. (2) The width of the cut of a saw blade.
KEY LOT
(1) A strategically located lot, adding to its value. (2) A lot adjoining a corner lot at its rear property line with frontage on the secondary street. Also called a Butt Lot.
KEY TENANT
See: Prime Tenant.
KEYMAN INSURANCE
Insurance through loss (through death or disability) of a "key" (important) person in a company. The liability is the estimated cost of the loss (in business lost, and replacement of the individual). Some lenders require this insurance before lending to small companies which rely on one or a few "key" people.
KEYSTONE
The piece, usually wedge shaped, at the top of an arch.
KICK PLATE
A metal or plastic strip, placed at the lower edge of a door or on a riser of a step to protect it from damage by accidental kicking.
KICKBACK
A term generally used to describe an illegal rebate. See: Rebate.
KICKER
See: Participation.
KILN
(1) An oven which reaches high temperatures for baking ceramics or bricks. (2) A room or shed through which warm, dry air is circulated to dry lumber.
KILO
One thousand; a prefix (kilometer - 1000 meters; kilogram - 1000 grams).
KILOGRAM
1000 grams (2.204 pounds).
KILOMETER
1000 meters. See also: Meter (1).
KILOVOLT
1000 volts.
KILOWATT
1000 watts.
KILOWATT HOURS
1000 watt-hours.
KIN
Those related by blood.
KIOSK
An open pavilion such as a bandstand or newsstand. Used to describe the structures in the open areas of malls that sell specialty items.
KIP
1000 pounds. Formed by combining the words kilo and pound.
KITE WINDER
The steps at the curvature of a circular stairway, which are triangular, or kite-shaped.
KNOCK DOWN
Any parts of a building which can be easily assembled, installed, or removed, such as certain types of window frames, partitions, etc.
KNOLL
A small rounded hill.
KNOT
(1) The hard, irregular shaped defects in boards, caused by cutting at the point where the branch of the tree meets the trunk. (2) A measure of speed, equal to one nautical mile (approximately 6,076 ft.) per hour.
L.S.
An abbreviation for "Locus sigilli", the place of the seal. At one time, individuals had seals, and documents were invalid unless the seal was affixed. Modernly, signatures are notarized and only corporations, in certain circumstances, must affix a seal.
LABOR
(1) Work as opposed to materials. (2) A land measure of 177 1/7 acres. Used in Mexico.
LACHES
An unreasonable delay by a party making a claim or bringing an action, so that the rights of said party are waived. Laches are not controlled by a statute of limitations.
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
Leave alone, let proceed. French expression made popular by Adam Smith, and used to describe a theory that free trade promotes a better business climate than government controls.
LALLY COLUMNS
Load-bearing steel columns, which are filled with concrete (lally).
LAMINATE
The word means both to split into thin layers and to combine thin layers, as well as to cover with a thin layer.
LAMINATED WOOD
Wood such as plywood, which is constructed in sheets, or veneered wood, such as cheaper softwood, covered with a layer of more expensive hardwood, and glued together.
LAND
A general term which includes the ground and those things of a permanent nature such as trees, crops, oil and minerals in the ground, unless specifically excepted.
LAND BANK
An accumulation of land held for future use.
LAND CERTIFICATE
A certificate given by the federal government enabling one to obtain land by following certain registration processes. Used in the late 1800's.
LAND CONTRACT
An installment contract for the sale of land. The seller (vendor) has legal title until paid in full. The buyer (vendee) has equitable title during the contract term.
LAND DEVELOPMENT LOAN
A loan secured by a mortgage or deed of trust to prepare raw land for construction of structures. (See: Manufactured Lot).
LAND GRANT
A gift of public land by the federal government to a state or local government, corporation, or individual.
LAND LOAN
A loan with collateral security of unimproved land. Usually the loan to value ratio is less than on improved land.
LAND PATENT
See: Patent.
LAND RECLAMATION
Giving land a higher (more commercial) use by physically changing it (drainage, irrigation, fill, etc.).
LAND RESIDUAL TECHNIQUE
An appraisal technique by which land value is determined by first determining the net return attributable to the building only; and deducting it from the total return to the property (may be estimated); the residual amount is capitalized to find the land value. The building value may be determined by construction costs (new building), depreciated construction costs (if only a few years old), or estimated present construction costs (if an older building).
LAND USE MAP
A map of a given area, showing the different land uses in the area.
LAND USE PLANNING
The development of long range plans for the use of land in a given area, such as through zoning plans.
LAND USE REGULATION
A general term encompassing any regulation of land, whether pubic (zoning) or private (restrictive covenants).
LAND VALUE MAP
An appraisal map showing the value of property in given areas, either in acres, square footage, or front footage.
LAND WARRANT
See: Warrant.
LAND, TENEMENTS, AND HEREDITAMENTS
Originally used to describe freehold estates only, it has come to mean the most technical and all-inclusive description of real estate.
LAND-POOR
Being short of money because of owning an excess of property which does not produce income.
LAND-SERVICE ROAD
An access road between parcels of land and another public road or highway.
LANDING
(1) A place for loading and unloading people or cargo from a boat, train, etc. (2) A flat surface adjoining a staircase at the top, bottom, or between flights.
LANDLOCKED PARCEL
A parcel of land surrounded entirely by privately owned land, with no access to a public right of way (road). Condemnation for a limited access highway is a major cause of such parcels.
LANDLORD
An owner of leased real estate.
LANDLORD'S WARRANT
A warrant enabling a landlord to levy upon a tenant's personal property (furniture, etc.) and to sell this property at a public sale to collect delinquent rent.
LANDMARK
Originally, a monument on a boundary line. Modernly, boundary lines are usually established by walls or fences, and these are the landmarks.
LANDOWNER'S ROYALTY
In oil and gas leases, the portion of the value of each barrel of oil which goes to the property owner.
LANDSCAPE
A picture or single view of inland scenery. In real estate terms, the surroundings of a structure which provide the setting for that structure. To landscape is to modify the natural setting.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
One who, as a profession, plans and designs landscaping. Colleges now offer a degree as a landscape architect.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
The designing and planning of landscaping by a landscape architect.
LANDSCAPING
The act of modifying a landscape, or features used in such modifications, such as trees, lawns, grade changes, etc.
LAP JOINT
The connection (joint) formed by overlapping two ends or edges and attaching them together.
LAP SIDING
A siding applied in a similar manner to clapboard siding, but utilizing longer boards, usually of better quality.
LARGER PARCEL
A term used in eminent domain proceedings, signifying that the parcel taken is not a complete parcel but part of a "larger parcel"; the owner, therefore, is entitled to damages from the severance as well as the value of the parcel taken. Unity of ownership use, and contiguity must be present, although federal courts and some states do not require contiguity where there is a strong unity of use.
LATE CHARGE
A penalty for failure to pay an installment payment on time. Usually not allowed as interest for tax deductions. May or may not be included as usury. If not, the amount of late charge is either set by statute or must be "reasonable".
LATENT DEFECT
A hidden or concealed defect. One which could not be discovered by inspection, using reasonable care. In legal descriptions, a latent defect may be corrected, and a totally new description not necessary.
LATERAL
Proceeding from, situated at, directed to, or pertaining to a side. A line branching from a main line (such as a sewer line) is called a lateral line. See also: Lateral Support.
LATERAL SUPPORT
The right of a landowner to the natural support of his land by adjoining land. The adjoining owner has the duty not to change his land (such as lowering it) so as to cause this support to be weakened or removed. See also: Subjacent Support.
LATH
The support upon which wet plaster is spread. May be metal (usually a course wire screen) or a solid, cement-like substance (called rock lath).
LATITUDE
North-South distance above a meridian as measured from the equator.
LAUNDROMAT
A business which provides, at its location, laundry equipment (coin operated) for self service use by the public.
LAVATORY
(1) A basin or sink for washing one's hands and face. (2) A room containing a sink and toilet.
LAW DAY
(1) The day (date) in a note, mortgage, etc., when the debt is to be paid. (2) A holiday honoring the law and legal profession.
LAYOUT
(1) The arrangement or plan of any given area, such as the rooms within a structure. (2) The plans (drawings) showing the arrangement of a given area.
LEACHING
Removal of liquid waste material from sewage by filtration through sand, gravel, tiles, stones, etc.
LEACHING TRENCHES
Ducts, either dug in ground having filtration qualities (gravel, sand, etc.), or in which filtration materials are placed to remove the liquid waste from sewage.
LEADER
The metal conduit carrying rainwater from a roof to a sewer or the ground.
LEAN-TO
(1) A shed, abutting the wall of another structure, with three walls and a sloping roof. (2) A free standing structure of three walls and a sloping roof, the open side of which is sheltered from the prevailing winds. Used as a camping shelter.
LEASE
An agreement by which an owner of real property (lessor) gives the right of possession to another (lessee), for a specified period of time (term) and for a specified consideration (rent).
LEASE WITH OPTION TO PURCHASE
A lease under which the lessee has the right to purchase the property. The price and terms of the purchase must be set forth for the option to be valid. The option may run for the length of the lease or only for a portion of the lease period.
LEASE-PURCHASE AGREEMENT
See: Lease with Option to Purchase.
LEASE-PURCHASE MORTGAGE LOAN
A financing method allowing a tenant to make payments on a mortgage plus an amount set aside to be used as a down payment for purchase of the property. Usually offered to low income buyers by local governments or community organizations.
LEASEBACK
See: Sale-Leaseback.
LEASED FEE
The lessor's interest in the property.
LEASEHOLD
An estate in realty held under a lease; an estate for a fixed term. Considered in many states to be personal property.
LEASEHOLD IMPROVEMENTS
Improvements made by the lessee. The term is used in condemnation proceedings to determine the portion of the award to which the lessee is entitled. See also: Tenant Improvements.
LEASEHOLD INTEREST
The interest which the lessee has in the value of the lease itself in condemnation award determination. The difference between the total remaining rent under the lease, and the rent lessee would currently pay for similar space for the same time period.
LEASEHOLD LOAN
A loan secured by the lessee's interest in the property.
LEASEHOLD VALUE
The value of a leasehold interest. Usually applied to a long term lease when market rental for similar space is higher than rent paid under the lease. Some states allow the lessee to claim the leasehold value against the landlord in eminent domain proceedings, unless specifically prohibited by the lease itself. Other states, by statute, do not allow for such a claim. See also: "No Bonus" Clause.
LEAVES
The panel-like parts of a door, window, table top, etc., which may be removed or moved to a different position by sliding or by hinge attachments.
LEGAL AGE
See: Majority.
LEGAL DESCRIPTION
A method of geographically identifying a parcel of land, which is acceptable in a court of law.
LEGAL NAME
First and last name. Middle name included, omitted or incorrect will not matter. Today full names (for identification purposes) are required in many instances, but only for identification purposes (to distinguish between two men named John Smith, for example).
LEGAL NOTICE
The notice required by law in a particular case. May be actual notice, constructive notice, etc.
LEGAL OWNER
The term has come to be used as a technical difference from the equitable owner, and not as opposed to an illegal owner. The legal owner has title to the property, although the title may actually carry no rights to the property other than a lien.
LEGAL RATE OF INTEREST
A rate of interest established by law, rather than by agreement (contract).
LEGAL TITLE
Usually title without ownership rights, such as the title placed in a trustee under a deed or trust, or the title in a vendor under a land contract.
LEGATEE
(1) One who receives personal property by will. (2) One receiving any property by will, real or personal.
LENDER
Any person or entity advancing funds which are to be repaid. A general term encompassing all mortgagees, and beneficiaries under deeds of trust.
LENDER'S LOSS PAYABLE CLAUSE
See: Loss Payable Clause.
LENDER'S POLICY
See: Loan Policy.
LESSEE
The party to whom a lease (the right to possession) is given in return for a consideration (rent).
LESSEE'S INTEREST
In appraising the value of a lessee's interest to determine the value of a potential sublease of assignment (sale) of the lease, the value is the market value of the property, less the interest of the lessor. The lessor's interest would be largely determined by the ratio of the return on the lease to the market value without the lease.
LESSOR
The party (usually the owner) who gives the lease (right to possession) in return for a consideration (rent).
LESSOR'S INTEREST
The present value of the future income under the lease, plus the present value of the property after the lease expires (reversion).
LETTER APPRAISAL
A brief report giving only conclusions, as opposed to a narrative report detailing how the conclusions were reached.
LETTER OF ATTORNMENT
A letter from a grantor to a tenant, stating that the property has been sold, and directing rent to be paid to the grantee (new owner).
LETTER OF CREDIT
A letter, usually from a bank, requesting a person or company to extend credit to a certain person or company, and guarantying payment. Most commonly used in the purchase of goods from another country. The letter may be revocable or irrevocable, but most parties insist on the irrevocable.
LETTER OF INTENT
A formal method of stating that a prospective developer, buyer, or lessee, is interested in property. Not an offer and creates no obligation. However, a builder who wants to build an office building, for example, may influence a lender by showing letters of intent from major prospective tenants.
LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION
A probate court order appointing an administrator.
LETTERS PATENT
An instrument from the government (federal or state) granting land to an individual.
LETTERS TESTAMENTARY
Order of a probate court granting authority to an executor.
LETTING
A synonym for leasing.
LEVEE
An embankment constructed along a river or stream to prevent flooding.See also: Causeway.
LEVEL PAYMENT LOAN
See: Interest Included Note.
LEVERAGE
The use of financing to allow a small amount of cash to purchase a large property investment.
LEVY
A collection, seizure, assessment, etc., such as to levy (assess and collect) taxes.
LIABILITY
A general term encompassing all types of debts and obligations.
LIABILITY INSURANCE
Coverage to protect the insured against claims of negligence resulting in injury or property damage to the claimant.
LIABLE
Obligated, responsible.
LIBER
The latin word for book. Used instead of the word book in some states when referring to the book and page of a recorded document.
LICENSE
A permission, either express or implied.
LICENSEE
(1) Regarding classifications of people entering upon another's land, a licensee is distinguished from a trespasser, and so has greater legal rights. (2) One who holds a real estate license (a salesperson).
LICENSING ACTS
Laws regulating the granting of real estate licenses. Because these are state laws, the requirements (education, testing, etc.), are not of equal severity. However, generally they are similar, requiring testing and granting exceptions, such as trustees, executors, owners selling property themselves, etc.
LIEN
An encumbrance against property for money, either voluntary or involuntary. All liens are encumbrances but all encumbrances are not liens.
LIEN THEORY
A theory followed in several states that assumes a mortgage has only a lien on the mortgage property, and the mortgagor has legal title. See: Title Theory.
LIEN WAIVER (WAIVER OF LIENS)
For our purposes, a waiver of mechanic's lien rights, signed by subcontractors so that the owner or general contractor can receive a draw on a construction loan.
LIFE
The length of time an improvement will last, either in relation to its physical utility or as an accounting procedure.
LIFE BENEFICIARY
One who receives payments or other rights from a trust for his or her lifetime.
LIFE ESTATE
An estate in real property for the life of a living person. The estate then reverts back to the grantor or on to a third party (remainderman).
LIFE IN BEING
The remaining life of someone already alive. An expression used in rules against perpetuities.
LIFE INTEREST
An interest in real estate for a period of the life of the one having the interest, or the life of another.
LIFE TENANT
One who holds land for the length of his, or another's life.
LIFETIME MONTHLY ADVANCE REVERSE MORTGAGE
Monthly payments to the borrower under this reverse mortgage continue until the borrower's death, even if the borrower sells the mortgaged property. Because the lender's collateral security is lost if the property is sold, the borrower must purchase an annuity at the origination of the loan.
LIFETIME PAYMENT CAP
See: Payment Cap.
LIFETIME RATE CAP
The limit (cap) that the interest rate can adjust over the life of an adjustable rate loan.
LIGHT
A single window pane, or opening for a single window pane.
LIGHT AND AIR EASEMENT
An easement restricting the servient tenement from obstructing the light and air (usually the view) of the dominant tenement. For example: A developer builds a resort hotel. He may wish to obtain a light and air easement from adjoining owners so that they may not build tall structures and block the sun from the hotel's swimming pool.
LIGHT INDUSTRY
Encompassing most light manufacturing, as opposed to factories which tend to produce heavy pollution (air, water, noise, etc.). A zoning designation.
LIGHT WELL
(1) An open space around a basement window, the top of which is at ground level. (2) A shaft designed to provide light and ventilation to inside rooms of a building.
LIGHTER
A flat bottomed boat or barge, used to unload ships not at a quay, and for transporting goods within the harbor.
LIKE IN KIND PROPERTY
A tax term used in exchanges. Property may be exchanged for like in kind property and the tax postponed. The term does not refer to the physical similarity of the properties but the purpose and intent (investment) of the taxpayer.
LIKE-KIND PROPERTY
Property that satisfies the requirements of a 1031 exchange. Most real property can qualify, such as unimproved property for improved property. Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code sets out the requirements.
LIME
A white powder, formed by burning limestone, used in making bricks, mortar, plaster and similar materials, and for treatment of sewage, soil, etc.
LIMESTONE
A sedimentary rock, formed mainly from sea shells and coral, and which, when burned, forms lime.
LIMING
To apply lime and water to wood (whitewash), limestone to ground, or in other ways apply lime.
LIMITATION OF ACTION
The time in which a law suit may be begun before it is barred by statute. See also: Statute of Limitations.
LIMITED ACCESS HIGHWAY
A highway with access only at spaced intervals, usually by the use of ramps. Abutting property occupants have no access other than at the regular stated intervals. Also called a controlled access highway.
LIMITED FEE
See: Defeasible Title.
LIMITED PARTNER
See: Limited Partnership.
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
Used in many real estate syndications; a partnership consisting of one or more general partners who conduct the business and are responsible (liable) for losses, and one or more special (limited) partners, contributing capital and liable only up to the amount contributed.
LINE FENCE
A fence erected along the property lines of a ranch or farm.
LINE OF CREDIT
An amount of money a borrower may obtain from a bank without a special credit check. The money is generally for business purposes and the amount would not include the borrower's own home loan and other personal secured loans.
LINEAL
Concerning a line. A lineal measure is a distance measure rather than an area measure.
LINING
The covering on the interior of a building, as distinguished from the exterior, or casing.
LINK
In surveying, a length of 7.92 inches.
LINOLEUM
A floor covering used in heavy traffic areas (kitchens, bathrooms, entrances, etc.), made of cork, linseed oil, resins and pigments on a canvas or burlap backing, and applied from a roll. A quality material superior to many "tiles".
LINTEL
A horizontal member spanning above an opening, such as a doorway, and usually bearing the load above it.
LIQUID ASSETS
Cash, or assets immediately convertible to cash.
LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
A definite amount set forth in a contract to be paid by the party breaching the contract. It must be a reasonable estimate of damages or else it is considered a penalty and unenforceable. If the parties intend this to be the only remedy, it should be so stated.
LIQUIDATION
The settling of financial affairs of a business or individual, by liquidating (turning to cash) all assets for distribution to creditors, heirs, etc.
LIQUIDATION PRICE
A price paid for property sold to liquidate a debt. Usually less than market value since there is pressure to sell or a forced sale, either of which does not often bring the highest price.
LIQUIDATION SALE
Any sale of property to liquidate a defaulted loan secured by the property. This would include a foreclosure sale, trustee's sale and sale to the lender to avoid foreclosure. See: Deed In Lieu Of Foreclosure.
LIQUIDATION VALUE
See: Liquidation Price.
LIQUIDITY
Having liquid assets (see which).
LIS PENDENS
A legal notice recorded to show pending litigation relating to real property, and giving notice that anyone acquiring an interest in said property subsequent to the date of the notice may be bound by the outcome of the litigation.
LISTING
An agreement between an owner of real property and a real estate agent, whereby the agent agrees to secure a buyer or tenant for specific property at a certain price and terms in return for a fee or commission.
LISTING AGENT
A real estate agent obtaining a listing (see which), as opposed to the selling agent.
LISTING SAVING (OR SAVING'S) CLAUSE
A clause in a listing agreement by which the principal (seller) agrees to pay the agent (broker) a commission for a sale of the property for a specified time after the listing has expired. The agent must have offered the property to the buyers during the listing period. The agent registers the potential buyers with the seller during the listing period.
LITER (LITRE)
A metric measure of volume, equal to 61.02 cubic inches (slightly more than one quart) liquid measure.
LITERAGE LIMITS
Area in a harbor which is serviced by lighters on a regular basis and standard charge.
LITTORAL
Concerning the shore of lakes and oceans, as opposed to rivers and streams, for which the word riparian is used.
LITTORAL RIGHTS
Rights concerning properties abutting an ocean or lake rather than a river or stream (riparian). Littoral rights are usually concerned with the use or enjoyment of the shore.
LIVABILITY
Minimum standards set by local government for the quality of residential structures (especially rental units).
LIVE
Having force or containing energy, such as a live volcano (one capable of eruption), live wire (one carrying electric current), etc.
LIVE LOAD
(1) Variable weight in a building, such as furniture and people, as opposed to the fixed weight of a building itself (dead load). (2) The weight of cargo in a truck which is taxed by weight. (3) The weight of traffic over a bridge.
LIVING TRUST
A trust which is in effect during the life of the settlor, rather than upon his death (testamentary trust).
LOAD
(1) A weight carried or supported by something, such as supported by "load-bearing" members of a building, or the weight carried in a ship, truck, etc. (2) The power of an electrical charge.
LOAD-BEARING
Supporting weight in addition to its own vertically, or supporting pressure laterally.
LOAD-BEARING WALL
See: Bearing Wall.
LOAN
A lending of a principal sum of money to one who promises to repay said sum, plus interest.
LOAN APPLICATION
The form on which the borrower supplies the lender's required information to determine if the applicant is qualified to receive a loan. It normally identifies the property involved and details the applicant's income, expenses and assets. Credit and property value are determined separately by a credit report and appraisal.
LOAN BROKER
See: Mortgage Broker.
LOAN COMMITMENT
See: Commitment (2).
LOAN CONSTANT
The yearly percentage of interest which remains the same over the life of an amortized loan, based on the monthly payment in relation to the principal originally loaned. For example: A $1000 loan at 9% interest for 20 years can be amortized at $9.00 per month. A constant interest rate is figured by finding one year's payments ($9.00 X 12 months = $108.00), and expressing this amount as a percentage of the principal originally borrowed (10.8% of $1000).
LOAN ORIGINATION FEE
A one time set up fee charged by the lender.
LOAN PACKAGE
The file of all items necessary for the lender to decide to give or not give a loan. These items would include the information on the prospective borrower (loan application, credit report, financial statement, employment letters, etc.), and information on the property (appraisal, survey, etc.). There may be a charge for "packaging" the loan.
LOAN POLICY
A title insurance policy insuring a mortgagee, or beneficiary under a deed of trust, against loss caused by invalid title in the borrower, or loss of priority of the mortgage or deed of trust.
LOAN SERVICING
The bookkeeping and collection of a loan. It may be done by the lender or by another for the lender.
LOAN TO VALUE RATIO
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the amount of a loan to the value or selling price of real property. Usually, the higher the percentage, the greater the interest charged. Maximum percentages for banks, savings and loans, or government insured loans, is set by statute.
LOBBY
An open area immediately inside a building entrance. Most commonly associated with hotels and theaters.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
City, county, or other governing body at a level smaller than a state. Local government has the greatest control over real property.
LOCATION
The geographical position of real property in relation to its intended use. It is impossible to have a good or bad location without knowing the intended use.
LOCK BOX
A small container attached to a listed property that contains the keys to enter the property, allowing real estate agents to show the property when no one is at home. The modern box is computerized and records the identity of the agent and time of entry. A code is used to enter the box.
LOCK-IN
(1) A guaranteed interest rate provided the loan is funded within an agreed upon period. (2) The prohibition against prepayment of a loan for a set period of time. The borrower is "locked in" to the mortgage for this period.
LOCK-IN PERIOD
The time during which a loan rate is guaranteed not to change or a loan cannot be paid off. See: Lock-In.
LOCUS SIGILLI
See: L.S..
LODGING
A seldom used term meaning a temporary place to stay (lodge).
LOFT BUILDING
A building containing an attic-like upper floor, usually open (without partitions).
LONG TERM CAPITAL GAIN
Gain on the sale of a capital asset which has been held for a specified time or longer. Long term capital gain is taxed at a special rate and not as ordinary income.
LONG TERM FINANCING
A mortgage or deed of trust for a term of ten years or more, as distinguished from constructions loans or interim loans.
LONG TERM LEASE
A general term which may refer to a lease 10 years or longer in term, or in some areas, 5 years or longer.
LONG-LIFE PARTS
The most permanent parts of a structure, such as the foundation or bearing walls, as opposed to hot water heaters, roofs, etc.
LONGITUDE
The East-West circle around the Earth, measured in relation to the meridian or latitude (North-South circle). It is measured from the Greenwich Meridian.
LONGITUDINAL
Pertaining to the length of anything which is measured.
LOSS MITIGATION
Any of several methods to help a borrower avoid foreclosure, such as Special Forbearance, partial Claim and Modification.
LOSS OF ACCESS
Taking away the right of an owner of property abutting a public road, to come and go to and from said road and his pro- perty. Usually happens in condemnation when the abutting road becomes a limited access highway.
LOSS PAYABLE CLAUSE
A clause in a fire insurance policy, listing the priority of claims in the event of destruction of the property insured. Generally, a mortgagee or beneficiary under a deed of trust is the party appearing in the clause, being paid to the amount owing under the mortgage or deed of trust before the owner is paid.
LOT
Generally, any portion or parcel of real property. Usually refers to a portion of a subdivision.
LOT AND BLOCK DESCRIPTION
See: Recorded Map.
LOT BOOK
See: Plat Book.
LOT LINE
The boundary line of a lot in a subdivision.
LOT, BLOCK AND TRACK DESCRIPTION
A legal description which refers to the recorded subdivision map. See: Parcel Map.
LOUVER
Affixed or adjustable formation of slats in a wall, ceiling, door, etc., to let in light and air, allow ventilation of fumes from within, yet keep out rain.
LOVE AND AFFECTION
Loosely called consideration. However, only valid where a valuable consideration is not required, such as a gift. Most contracts to be binding require "valuable consideration".
LOW DOC LOANS
Loans requiring less documentation than is usually required from the borrower. For example: The borrower would provide a statement of income but not be required to provide tax returns to prove said income. These loans are sometimes call "no qualifying loans".
LOW WATER LINE
Line on the shore marking the lowest ebb of the tide.
LUMBER
A general classification of wood after it passes from the sawmill.
LUMINOUS CEILING
A ceiling emitting light from its entire surface, through the use of fluorescent light above translucent glass or plastic.
LUMP SUM REVERSE MORTGAGE
Under this type reverse mortgage, the borrower receives a lump sum which is repaid when the borrower sells the property or dies. The proceeds are used to make home repairs, pay off an existing mortgage, or pay off consumer debt. Since the reverse mortgage requires no periodic payments, the borrower's monthly expenses can be reduced. See also: Reverse Mortgage.
M & M LIEN
See: Mechanic's Lien.
M ROOF
A roof constructed of two double pitched roofs, forming a shape similar to the letter M. Utilizes shorter rafters, making construction easier, and allows a lower overall height.
MADE-LAND
Artificially formed land, either by filling or dredging.
MAGISTRATE
Any civil public officer. Most commonly used to designate an inferior judicial officer, such as a justice of the peace, police justice, etc.
MAGISTRATE'S COURT
Court having jurisdiction over minor matters (small claims), and usually not a court of record.
MAGNESITE FLOORING
A synthetic floor, floated approximately 1 1/2 inches thick, over a concrete floor. Composed of powdered magnesite, magnesium- chloride solution and fillers. Also used for outside steps in areas where cold is not severe.
MAH
See: Multifamily Affordable Housing
MAI
A designation conferred by the Appraisal Institute upon member appraisers who are qualified to appraise all types of property as well as give real estate investment advice. See also: RM; SRA; SREA; SRPA.
MAIN
A large conduit or pipe, carrying electricity, sewage, gas, etc., to or from branch lines.
MAIN CIRCUIT
The principal circuit which feeds electric current into smaller circuits (branches) for distribution where needed.
MAINTENANCE
Keeping a property in condition to efficiently serve its intended purpose.
MAINTENANCE FEE
As applied to condominiums and planned developments, the amount charged each unit owner to maintain the common area. Usually a monthly fee paid as part of the budget.
MAINTENANCE RESERVE
Money reserved to cover anticipated maintenance costs.
MAJORITY
The age at which a person is no longer a minor, and is legally entitled to contract and enjoy civic rights, such as voting.
MAKER
One who executes (signs) as the maker (borrower) of a note.
MALL
(1) A shaded walkway or promenade. Modernly, the pedestrian area of a shopping center. May be open or enclosed. (2) A strip between two travelways; may be landscaped or paved. Also called a median strip.
MANAGEMENT
See: Property Management.
MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT
See: Property Management Agreement.
MANAGEMENT FEE
The amount paid for property management or the estimated value of such management if owner managed or the building is not yet built.
MANDAMUS
Latin for "we command". A writ issued by a superior court ordering an inferior court, corporation, or individual, to do or refrain from doing specific acts. The main importance to real estate is that it is a writ commanding a governmental body to do something, such as issue a building permit.
MANSARD ROOF
A four sided roof, each side having two separate slopes of different degree; the lower slope is at a much steeper angle than the upper slope.
MANTEL
(1) The lintel of a fireplace opening, constructed by a post and lintel method. May be of stone, a heavy beam, or other material of strength. (2) A decorative shelf above a fireplace opening, not load- bearing.
MANUFACTURED HOME
A structure built in a factory and assembled at the site. The term is also used to describe a mobile home. See also: Stick Built Home. A manufactured home is built using more metal and less wood and brick than a stick built home. Manufactured homes are less expensive than comparable stick built structures.
MANUFACTURED LOT
A lot upon which construction of a building may begin. Having all off-site improvements and approvals of government agencies.
MAPS AND PLATS
See: Plat.
MARBLE
A hard, single or multicolored limestone. In construction, used in place of tile in more expensive structures.
MARGIN
In an adjustable rate loan, the difference between the index rate and the interest rate of the loan. Example: The borrower's interest rate is 2 points (percent) over the prime rate. The 2 points is called the margin.
MARGIN OF SECURITY
See: Equity (2).
MARGINAL
An investment not considered strong. One which barely supports itself.
MARGINAL LAND
(1) Any income producing land which barely covers expenses. (2) Land which is clearly not the best for an intended purpose, but may be adequate.
MARINA
A small harbor or basin, having docks, supplies, and maintenance services for boats.
MARK
An "X" or other symbol used by one who cannot write his or her name. Modernly not used often and laws as to the validity of using a mark should be checked.
MARKET DATA APPROACH
Appraising the value of a property by comparing the price of similar properties (comparables) recently sold. The degree of similarity (physical characteristics and locations) of the properties and the circumstances of the sale (time and terms) are the important considerations.
MARKET PRICE
The price a property brings in a given market. Commonly used interchangeably with market value, although not truly the same. See also: Market Value.
MARKET RENT
See: Economic Rent.
MARKET VALUE
The highest price a willing buyer would pay and a willing seller accept, both being fully informed, and the property exposed for a reasonable period of time. The market value may be different from the price a property can actually be sold for at a given time.
MARKET VALUE APPROACH
See: Market Data Approach.
MARKETABILITY
Salability. The probability of selling property at a specific time, price and terms.
MARKETABLE TITLE
Title which can be readily marketed (sold) to a reasonably prudent purchaser aware of the facts and their legal meaning concerning liens and encumbrances.
MARQUEE
A canopy-like projection over the entrance to a building, but not supported by posts or columns. Most commonly found on theaters and hotels.
MARSH
A grassy area of ground which is always soft and wet. Usually distinguished from a swamp by the absence of trees in the marsh.
MASONRY
Anything constructed of the materials used by a mason, such as brick, stone, cement, adobe, etc; anything constructed by a mason of these materials.
MASONRY WALL
A wall, constructed by a mason, of stone, brick, cement, or similar materials.
MASS APPRAISING
Appraising a whole district or area at the same time, in order to adjust property taxes.
MASSACHUSETTS TRUST
An unincorporated association, not a partnership, doing business through a trustee. The name comes from authorization of such a trust under the laws of the state of Massachusetts.
MASTER ASSOCIATION
In a multi phase condominium or planned unit development project there may be homeowners' associations that are concerned with specific areas of the project. The Master Association oversees these associations and handles matters affecting the entire project.
MASTER FORM INSTRUMENT
See: Fictitious Instrument.
MASTER LEASE
A lease controlling subsequent leases. May cover more property than subsequent leases. For example: "A" leases an office building, containing ten offices, to "B". "B" subsequently leases the ten offices individually. The ten leases from "B" as lessor are controlled by the lease from "A" to "B" (master lease).
MASTER PLAN
A zoning plan for an entire governmental subdivision, such as a city. A comprehensive plan to allow a city to grow in an orderly and sound manner, both economically and ecologically.
MASTER POLICY
An insurance policy to a lender covering property in more than one location. If more than one state is involved, underlying policies may be issued to meet state requirements.
MATCHED BOARDS
See: Tongue and Grove.
MATERIAL FACT
A fact upon which an agreement is based, and without which, said agreement would not be made.
MATERIALMAN
One who supplies construction materials. See also: Mechanic's Lien.
MATURITY
(1) Termination period of a note. For example: A 30 year mortgage has a maturity of 30 years. (2) In sales law, the date a note becomes due.
MEAN
A middle point between two extremes; or an average, having an intermediate value between two extremes or between several successive values of variable quantity, such as mean low tide and mean high tide.
MEAN HIGH WATER MARK
The point on the shore which the average high tide will reach.
MEAN LOW WATER MARK
The point on the shore which the average low tide will reach.
MEANDER
To follow a winding or flexuous course, usually referring to a river or stream.
MEANDER LINES
Lines run in surveying lands which border navigable rivers to determine the sinuosities of the river.
MECHANIC'S & MATERIALMAN'S LIEN
See: Mechanic's Lien.
MECHANIC'S LIEN
A lien created by statute for the purpose of securing priority of payment for the price or value of work performed and materials furnished in construction or repair of improvements to land, and which attaches to the land as well as the improvements.
MECHANIC'S LIEN SURETY BOND
A bond, from a bonding company, indemnifying a title insurer against loss from writing a policy before expiration of the mechanic's lien period.
MEDIAN STRIP
A divider, being a strip of land rather than a fence or barrier, between oncoming lanes of a roadway.
MEETING OF THE MINDS
A legal term meaning the mutual agreement necessary to form a contract. It is not based on what may actually be in the minds of the parties, but rather based on whether the acts of the parties and circumstances of the contract indicate that the parties agree.
MEGALOPOLIS
Modern work describing a heavily populated continuous urban area including many cities.
MERGE
To combine two or more entities, so that one survives, the other or others becoming part of the surviving entity, and losing their identity.
MERGE LINE
An appraisal term. The line which arbitrarily splits a lot which fronts on two parallel streets, so that each portion will have the highest value.
MERGED CREDIT REPORT
A credit history that is compiled from all three of the major credit bureaus and combined into one report.
MERGER
The combining of two or more entities (businesses) into one surviving entity.
MERGER OF TITLE
A lesser interest in real property being merged (absorbed) into a greater interest. For example: A lessee purchases the property being leased. The interest as a lessee is merged into the interest as an owner, thus ending the leasehold interest.
MERIDIAN
A circle or semicircle around the Earth in a North and South direction, always touching or passing through the poles. Used as a guide in surveying, being placed twenty-four miles apart and running from a base line.
MESNE
Intermediate, intervening.
MESNE ASSIGNMENT
Assignment from A to B to C to D would be described as passing from A by "mesne assignments" to D.
METAL LATH
A heavy coarse screen or slit sheet of metal which is used as a base upon which plaster is spread.
METAL VALLEY
See: Flashing.
METAMORPHIC ROCK
One of the three major types of rock. A rock formed by metamorphosis (change) caused by heat and/or pressure.
METER
(1) A metric unit of measurement, equal to 39.37 inches. (2) A device for measuring the use of public utilities, such as electricity, gas, etc.
METES AND BOUNDS
Description of land by boundary lines, with their terminal points and angles. Originally metes referred to distance, bounds to direction; modernly, the words have no individual meaning of practical significance.
METROPOLITAN AREA
A major city and surrounding area. The extent of the surrounding area is usually determined by the extent of the influence of the city (commuters for work, shopping, etc.), on the surrounding area.
METROPOLITAN SHOPPING CENTER
See: Regional Shopping Center.
MEZZANINE
(1) A partial floor between two floors (usually between the first and second). (2) The partial balcony of a theater between the orchestra floor and first balcony.
MICRORELIEF
Minor surface changes, such as channels, dunes, or low hummocks, rather than hills or mountains. The term is used by farm appraisers.
MILE
A linear measurement equal to 5280 feet on land and 6076 feet across water (nautical mile). See also: Knot (2).
MILKING
See: Equity Skimming.
MILL
Equal to one tenth of a cent. Used in expressing a tax rate. Ten mills would be the same as ten dollars per thousand.
MILL CONSTRUCTION
A type of construction specifically to retard fire. Relies on heavy timbers instead of normal size lumber, extensive use of brick, masonry, and other fire resistant materials.
MILLWORK
Parts of a building produced in a mill, such as doors, window sashes, etc. Differs from cabinet work, which is the work of a finish carpenter, done at a construction site, or precision work done by a cabinet maker, on or away from the construction site.
MINER'S INCH
An indefinite measure of a flow of liquid. Generally agreed to be 1/40th or 1/50th of a cubic foot per second, but which fraction is used depends on area of the country.
MINERAL RIGHTS
The ownership of the minerals (coal, gold, iron, etc.) under the ground, with or without ownership of the surface of the land. See also: Subsurface Rights.
MINERAL WOOL
A fibrous material produced by the action of steam on molten rock, under pressure, and used as an insulating material. (Also called rock wool).
MINERALS
In real estate terms, those minerals of value which may be taken by mining, such as coal, iron, copper, gold, silver, etc. Mineral rights, as well as oil rights, may be sold or leased separately from the land itself.
MINIMUM LOT
The smallest allowable lot size for development, as stipulated by local zoning laws.
MINIMUM RENTAL
A fixed rental in a lease which contains some formula for a possibly higher rental, such as a percentage lease, overrides, etc.
MINING LEASE
A right to extract (mine) minerals (coal, silver, etc.). See also: Oil and Gas Lease; Profit a Prendre.
MINOR
Any person under the age of 18, or under age 21 with regard to alcoholic beverages.
MINUTE
See: Degree (1).
MIRROR IMAGE RULE
A term used to describe acceptance of certain types of contracts, such as contracts involving real estate. The term means that the offer must be unequivocally accepted to create the contract. If you looked at the offer and the acceptance, they would be the "mirror image" of each other.
MISNOMER
A wrong name or mistake in name.
MISPLACED IMPROVEMENTS
An appraisal term indicating an improvement on land which is not the highest and best use.
MISREPRESENTATION
A statement or conduct by a person which represents to another a fact which is not true. A seller, broker, or builder may have a duty to disclose certain defects in property to a buyer or tenant. Failure to disclose is also misrepresentation. The misrepresentation may be deliberate (known to be wrong), negligent (should have known), or innocent (reasonably believed to be true). Depending on the facts and extent of misrepresentation, there may be a suit for damages, recision of a contract, punitive action against the broker (loss of license), etc.
MISSION ARCHITECTURE
A Spanish style of architecture resembling those features of California missions.
MISTAKE
An unintentional, non-negligent error or misunderstanding. A mistake may be of the facts (mistake of fact) or their legal effect (mistake of law).
MITER
To cut two pieces (usually wood) at an angle, to form a joint.
MOBIL HOME
Originally, a trailer pulled behind a car or truck cab. Now includes large homes which are not truly mobil but are constructed in the same manner as trailers, as opposed to conventional on-site construction.
MOBILE HOME PARK
Originally, a trailer park, having electrical hookups, and water. Modernly, a park-like area having facilities such as complete plumbing and utilities, a recreation center, security guards at the entrance, and mobil homes which are usually attached to foundations and are permanent structures.
MODEL HOME
A home, often decorated, which is shown by a builder to prospective buyers of homes yet to be built. An identical home to the model is then constructed on a lot in the subdivision. The model home is generally sold last.
MODERNIZATION
To make changes to the interior or exterior of a structure for the purpose of reflecting developments of function or design which were not available at the time of the original construction.
MODIFICATION
Any change made to a document.
MODULAR HOUSE
See: Prefabricated House.
MOISTURE BARRIER
Insulating materials used to prevent the build up of moisture (condensation) in walls and other parts of a building.
MOLDING
Long, narrow strips of wood or synthetic material, used as a finish piece to cover the crack between the meeting of a wall with a floor or ceiling. Also used for decoration only.
MONEY MARKET
A general term referring to the availability of money for short or long term loans.
MONEY MARKET MUTUAL FUNDS
Funds which invest in the "Money Market", a variety of interest bearing securities such as treasury bills and bank certificates of deposit. None is invested directly into real property or real property securities.
MONOLITHIC SLAB
A concrete slab foundation where the slab and supporting beams are poured together. See: Floating Slab.
MONTH TO MONTH TENANCY
A tenancy where no written lease is involved, rent being paid monthly. Some obligations as to notice of moving or eviction may exist by statute.
MONTHLY ADVANCE REVERSE MORTGAGE
A mortgage under which the borrower receives monthly payments which are repaid in a lump sum, either at a specified time, when the borrower sells the property, or when the borrower dies. See also: Reverse Mortgage.
MONTHLY FIXED INSTALLMENT
A monthly payment of principal and interest not subject to change.
MONUMENT
A visible, permanent object, marked by a surveyor, to indicate the boundaries of land. May be artificial, such as a post, or natural, such as a tree or large stone.
MORATORIUM
A period of suspension of legal rights or remedies. In real estate terms, most commonly used by governmental agencies (usually local) to suspend construction in certain areas until studies are completed to determine the best use for the land involved.
MORTAR
A material used in masonry work as the "glue" holding stones or bricks together. It is composed of lime, cement, sand, and water, and hardens when it dries.
MORTGAGE
(1) To hypothecate as security, real property for the payment of a debt. The borrower (mortgagor) retains possession and use of the property. (2) The instrument by which real estate is hypothecated as security for the repayment of a loan.
MORTGAGE BANKER
A company providing mortgage financing with its own funds rather than simply bringing together lender and borrower, as does a mortgage broker. Although the mortgage banker uses its own funds, these funds are generally borrowed and the financing is either short term or, if long term, the mortgages are sold to investors (many times insurance companies) within a short time.
MORTGAGE BONDS
Bonds issued by corporations, which offer first mortgages on real property of the corporation as security for the payment of the bonds.
MORTGAGE BROKER
One who, for a fee, brings together a borrower and lender, and handles the necessary applications for the borrower to obtain a loan against real property by giving a mortgage or deed of trust as security. Also called a loan broker.
MORTGAGE CLAUSE
See: Loss Payable Clause.
MORTGAGE COMPANY
A company authorized to arrange real estate loans, charging a fee for this service.
MORTGAGE CREDIT CERTIFICATE PROGRAM (MCC)
A federal program authorized by the Tax Reform Act of 1984. The program allows a tax credit to a home buyer of a portion of the amount that would be paid in income tax. This enables a lender to raise the borrower's income when attempting to qualify the buyer for a home purchase.
MORTGAGE DISCOUNT
The amount of money the borrower or seller must pay the lender to get a mortgage at a stated interest rate. One discount point equals one percent of the loan. For example, each discount point on a $125,000 loan would cost $1250. Discount points allow the borrower to get a better interest rate, and allow the lender to sell the loan at less than face value and still make a profit.
MORTGAGE INSURANCE
Insurance written by an independent mortgage insurance company (referred to as an +MIC') protecting the mortgage lender against loss incurred by a mortgage default, thus enabling the lender to lend a higher percentage of the sales price. The Federal Government writes this form of insurance through the FHA and the VA.
MORTGAGE INSURANCE PREMIUM (MIP)
The amount paid for FHA mortgage insurance. When paid to a private company, it is commonly referred to as Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI).
MORTGAGE LIFE INSURANCE
A term life insurance policy for the amount of the declining balance of a loan secured by a mortgage or deed of trust. The beneficiary under the policy is the mortgagee. In the event of death (some policies also cover disability) of the insured (mortgagor), the mortgage is paid in full.
MORTGAGE MODIFICATION
A refinancing plan to help a mortgagor in default. The payment may be reduced if the amount refinanced is lower than the original mortgage amount or the term is extended. A mortgagor may qualify if he/she has recovered from a financial problem and can afford the new payment amount.
MORTGAGE OUT
To finance the total cost of a property or project.
MORTGAGE POLICY (MORTGAGEE'S POLICY)
See: Loan Policy.
MORTGAGE POOL
A group or "pool" of mortgages, an interest in which can be purchased through a securities dealer. Because of market changes in interest rates and points (discounts), early payoffs, and foreclosures, pools have different returns and, therefore, different investment values. The rate of payoffs and foreclosures is called the "speed" of the pool.
MORTGAGE REVENUE BONDS
Bonds sold on a state or local level (tax exempt) to finance real estate sales, construction, or refurbishing. Used in many instances to create affordable housing.
MORTGAGE SAVING (OR SAVINGS) CLAUSE
A clause in the CC&R's (covenants, conditions, and restrictions) which states that a violation of the CC&R's shall not defeat a subsequent mortgage made in good faith and for value.
MORTGAGE SERVICING
Controlling the necessary duties of a mortgagee, such as collecting payments, releasing the lien upon payment in full, foreclosing if in default, and making sure the taxes are paid, insurance is in force, etc. Servicing may be done by the lender or a company acting for the lender, for a servicing fee.
MORTGAGE WAREHOUSING
A system whereby a mortgage company will hold loans which would ordinarily be sold, in order to sell later at a lower discount. These mortgages are used as collateral security with a bank to borrow new money to loan.
MORTGAGE-BACKED CERTIFICATES
See: Mortgage-backed Securities.
MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES
Securities similar to bonds, but having their value based on a pool of mortgages or trust deeds (usually government insured). The rate of return is based on the interest rate of the mortgages, plus early payoffs, which increases the value of any discounts. The price of the securities will vary as comparative (current) interest rates rise and fall. See: Collateralized Mortgage Obligation.
MORTGAGEE
The party lending the money and receiving the mortgage. Some states treat the mortgagee as the "legal" owner, entitled to rents from the property. Other states treat the mortgagee as a secured creditor, the mortgagor being the owner. The latter is the more modern and accepted view.
MORTGAGOR
The party who borrows the money and gives the mortgage.
MORTISE
A rectangular opening, cut in wood or other material, to receive a bar of wood or other material for the purpose of securing the two parts in a mortise joint.
MOTEL
Originally, a building near a major highway to accommodate travelers, offering a place to sleep and park. Over the years, motels have come to offer most of the features of hotels, such as restaurants, recreation, etc.
MULLION
A vertical bar separating panes of a window or panels of a door. Also an upright framing member of panels or wainscoating.
MULTIFAMILY AFFORDABLE HOUSING (TARGETED AFFORDABLE HOUSING)
Multifamily property with a certain percentage of the units set aside for low income families. The rental amount is based on a percentage of the median income of the area, adjusted for family size. Appropriate units meet FNMA's Multifamily Affordable Housing lending requirements.
MULTIFAMILY DWELLING
(1) A building occupied by more than one family. (2) A building designed as a dwelling for more than four families at the same time.
MULTIFAMILY MORTGAGE
A loan secured by a mortgage on a residence consisting of more than four units.
MULTIFAMILY PROPERTY
To meet the FNMA definition it is a residential property of not less than five dwelling units with not more than 20 percent of the net rentable area rented or set aside for rent to non-residential tenants.
MULTIPLE DWELLING
See: Multifamily Dwelling.
MULTIPLE LISTING
An exclusive listing, submitted to all members of an association, so that each may have an opportunity to sell the property.
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
A town, city, or village, incorporated as a political corporation under state statutes. Would not include a county, or such political divisions as a district.
MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE
See: Ordinance.
MUNIMENTS OF TITLE
Written evidence (documents) which an owner possesses to prove his title to property.
MUNTIN
A horizontal bar, dividing window panes in a window.
MUTUAL SAVINGS BANK
An institution owned by its depositors, as evidenced by certificates of deposit rather than stock. These institutions are active in long term real estate financing, as opposed to commercial banks, which concentrate more on short term loans.
MUTUAL WATER COMPANY
A company in which the owners are the customers. Stock is issued to the users, who are the organizers of the company.
NAME CHANGE
In conveyancing, setting forth both the present name of the grantor and the name under which said grantor acquired title, if different. For example: Joan Doe, a married woman, who acquired title as (or also known as) Joan Smith.
NAR (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS®)
An association of people engaged in the real estate business. Organized in 1908, it currently lists over half a million members. With headquarters in Chicago, it is dedicated to the betterment of the real estate industry through education, legislation, and high ethical standards for its members.
NAREB (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REAL ESTATE BOARDS)
A national trade association whose members include not only real estate brokers, but appraisers, property managers, and other affiliated groups.
NARRATIVE APPRAISAL
The most detailed of the appraisal reports in which conclusions are supported and explained. The requirements for reaching said conclusions, however, do not differ from the shorter letter report of any properly done appraisal.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REAL ESTATE BROKERS
An organization dedicated to the betterment of the real estate industry and speci-fically to the role of blacks in the real estate industry. It is composed primarily of black real estate brokers who have adopted the term "Realists". Originally founded in Miami in 1947, the association is now based in Washington, D.C.
NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST
The list of sites which the Environmental Protection Agency considers the most hazardous and are not being used (usually abandoned). The list relies on the Hazard Ranking System (see which).
NATURAL DISASTER
See: Act of God.
NATURAL FINISH
A finish which retains the color and appearance of the surface covered, such as varnish over wood, rather than paint.
NATURAL PERSON
A human being rather than some type of business entity, such as a corporation, partnership, etc.
NATURAL RESOURCES
Resources of an area, such as minerals, oil, timber, water, etc. May also include people.
NATURALIZATION
Granting citizenship to an alien. In the United States, a naturalized citizen has the rights of a native citizen, with the exception that the naturalized citizen may not hold the office of president.
NAVIGABLE
(1) Capable of carrying commercial shipping, or boats for travel. (2) Any waters put to a public use are "navigable" in some states, giving the word a legal meaning different from its normal meaning.
NAVIGABLE WATERS
A general term which legally differs in different jurisdictions. May mean a body of water capable of carrying a commercial vessel, or a body of water large enough to ebb and flow. In some areas, minor streams have been held to be navigable.
NEAP TIDE
The tide during the first and third quarters of the moon; not as high as in the second and fourth quarters.
NEGATIVE AMORTIZATION
A condition created when a loan payment is less than interest alone. Even though payments are made on time, the amount owing increases.
NEGATIVE CASH FLOW
When the income from an investment property does not equal expenses. The owner must come up with cash each month to meet these expenses.See also: Cash Flow.
NEGATIVE EASEMENT
The servient estate or tenement. See: Easement Appurtenant.
NEGATIVE EQUITY LOAN
See: Title One Loan; Title One Look Alike Loan.
NEGATIVE LEVERAGE
A loss that occurs when the cost of borrowing exceeds the return on the investment. Example: A building with a six percent return if debt free would return less if a seven percent mortgage were placed on the property.
NEGOTIABLE
Capable of being transferred by negotiation (e.g. A negotiable instrument) rather than being assigned. A Transferee by negotiation may acquire greater rights than an assignee. (See: Holder In Due Course).
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT
As defined by the Uniform Commercial Code, article 3 - 104: "(1) Any writing to be a negotiable instrument within this article must (A) Be signed by the maker or drawer; and (B) Contain an unconditional promise or order to pay a sum certain in money and no other promise, order, obligation or power given by the maker or drawer except as authorized by this article; and (C) Be payable on demand or at a definite time; and (D) Be payable to order or to bearer". Instruments which may be negotiable are: a draft (bill of exchange); a check: a certificate of deposit; a note.
NEGOTIABLE ORDER OF WITHDRAWAL CHECKING ACCOUNT (NOW ACCOUNT)
An interest bearing checking account which limits the amounts which may be withdrawn over a given period.
NEIGHBORHOOD
A general term describing a contiguous area of similar properties. Since the development of tract housing, the term is not as significant.
NEIGHBORHOOD SHOPPING CENTER
A group of retail stores, usually limited to food and convenience service stores (dry cleaner, barber, etc.) serving a limited area (neighborhood), and having common parking and ownership or management.
NET ACRE
An acre which may be used for building of structures. For example: A builder buys ten acres of raw land on which to build houses. Three acres are used for streets, sidewalks, and other off-site improvements. The remaining seven acres are the net acres of the ten acre site.
NET AFTER TAXES
The net income from property after income tax is paid. See also: Net Before Taxes; Net Income.
NET BEFORE TAXES
Net income before payment of income tax, but after payment of property taxes. See also: Net After Taxes; Net Income.
NET CASH FLOW
The amount of money an investor pockets after paying all expenses of a property, including operating and mortgage costs. See also: Net Income; Net Operating Income (NOI).
NET EARNINGS
See: Net Income.
NET GROUND LEASE
A net lease of unimproved land.
NET INCOME
The difference between adjusted gross income and operating expenses. May or may not include depreciation.
NET INCOME MULTIPLIER
The number which, when multiplied by the net income, gives the selling price. Found by dividing the sales price by the net income. Usually, a gross income multiplier is used.
NET LEASABLE AREA
See: Rentable Area
NET LEASE
A lease requiring the tenant to pay, in addition to a fixed rental, the expenses of the property leased, such as taxes, insurance, maintenance, etc. In some states the terms net net, net net net, triple net, and other such repetitions are used. See also: Gross Lease.
NET LISTING
A listing under which a real estate agent receives any amount over a given net amount to the seller. Illegal in some states.
NET LOSS
The excess of expense over income for a given period. May be more complicated in accounting procedures.
NET NET; NET NET NET
See: Net Lease.
NET OPERATING INCOME (N.O.I.)
The difference between the effective (also called adjusted) gross income of a property, and the operating expenses (not including debt service and book depreciation).
NET PROFIT
Remainder after deduction of all expenses from income for a given period. Generally classified as either net before taxes, or net after taxes.
NET RENTABLE AREA
See: Rentable Area.
NET RENTAL
Rental over and above the expenses of the property.
NET SALES AREA
The area (usually expressed in square feet) in a retail store where products are displayed and sold.
NET USABLE ACRE
See: Net Acre.
NET WORTH
The difference between total assets and liabilities of an individual, corporation, etc.
NEWEL
The post around which winds a circular stairway. In a noncircular stairway, the major post at the bottom of the stairway or at a landing.
NO BONUS CLAUSE
A clause under the eminent domain section of a lease, giving the lessee the right to recover only the value of his physical improvements in the event of a taking, and not the value of the leasehold interest (the difference between the fixed rent of the lease and current market rental value). Not applicable in all states.
NO CASH OUT REFINANCE
Replacing an existing mortgage or mortgages with a new mortgage in an amount that does not give the borrower money over and above the paying off of the existing liens and the cost of the new loan.
NOMINAL CONSIDERATION
Consideration in name only, and not related to the market value of the property. Still considered valuable consideration and the purchaser is considered a purchaser for value.
NOMINEE
Most commonly used in a deed, such as to John Doe, or nominee, when the actual grantee is not revealed. Has no legal meaning, other than representative of another.
NON LIQUID ASSETS
Those assets (things owned by a person) that cannot quickly be converted to cash. A home is an example. See also: Liquid Assets.
NON-FREEHOLD ESTATE
An estate other than a fee estate or life estate. Example: A lease.
NONBEARING WALL
A wall used only to separate areas, and which carries only its own weight.
NONCONFORMING USE
A property which does not conform to the zoning of the area. Usually, the property was built in conformity and then the zoning was changed.
NONEXCLUSIVE LISTING
A listing under which the real estate broker has an exclusive listing as opposed to other agents, but the owner may sell the property without using an agent, and not be liable to pay a commission. Also called an agency agreement.
NONJUDICIAL FORECLOSURE SALE
Sale by a trustee under a deed of trust, or mortgagee under a power of sale of a mortgage. There is no court (judicial) proceeding.
NONPROFIT CORPORATION
See: Eleemosynary Corporation.
NONRECOURSE LOAN
A loan not allowing for a deficiency judgement. The lender's only recourse in the event of default is the security (property) and the borrower is not personally liable.
NONRECURRING EXPENSE
An expense which does not usually repeat itself, such as a fire or other natural disaster.
NORMAL WEAR AND TEAR
See: Wear and Tear.
NOSING
The edge of a step which projects over the riser below.
NOTARY PUBLIC
One who is authorized by the state or federal government, to administer oaths, and to attest to the authenticity of signatures. A federal authorization may extend the authority to attest to the authenticity of certain documents, and to act as a notary in foreign countries.
NOTE
A unilateral agreement containing an express and absolute promise of the signer to pay a named person, or order, or bearer, a definite sum of money at a specified date or on demand. Usually provides for interest and, concerning real property, is secured by a mortgage or trust deed.
NOTE RATE
The rate of interest set forth on a note. The note creates the promise to repay the debt; the mortgage uses the real estate to secure the promise to repay.
NOTICE
See types of notice: Actual; Constructive; Statutory.
NOTICE OF ACTION
A recorded notice that property may be subject to a lien, or even that the title is defective, due to pending litigation. Notice of a pending suit. Also called "Lis Pendens".
NOTICE OF CESSATION
A notice stating that work has stopped on a construction project. Done to accelerate the period for filing a mechanic's lien.
NOTICE OF COMPLETION
A notice, recorded to show that a construction job is finished. The length of time in which mechanic's liens may be filed depends upon when and if a notice of completion is recorded.
NOTICE OF DEFAULT
A notice filed to show that the borrower under a mortgage or deed of trust is in default (behind on payments).
NOTICE OF NONRESPONSIBILITY
A notice filed by an owner of property to show that work being done has not been contracted for by said owner. If properly done, mechanic's liens will not attach to the property. Often done when a tenant contracts for work on property.
NOTICE OF RECISION
A recorded notice to rescind a notice of default of a mortgage or deed of trust.
NOTICE TO QUIT
A notice by a landlord to a tenant to vacate rented property. There are two types; for nonpayment of rent or a second type for any reason. Usually the notice for nonpayment allows less time to vacate.
NOTORIOUS POSSESSION
A requirement for adverse possession. Possession so open (notorious) that the owner is presumed to have notice of it and its extent.
NOVATION
A contract that releases the obligation of a party to an existing contract and substitutes another party. Differs from assignment or delegation in that all parties must agree and an assignor or delegator is not released of obligation.
NOW
See: Negotiable Order of Withdrawal.
NPL
See: National Priorities List.
NUISANCE
A use of property which interferes with the use and enjoyment of other property by excessive noise, odors, fumes, or other harmful or unpleasant emissions.
NULL AND VOID
Void. Not legally binding. See also: Voidable.
NULLA BONA
No goods. The name of the return made by the sheriff to a writ of execution, when he has found no goods of the defendant on which to levy within the jurisdiction.
NUNC PRO TUNC
Now for then. Applied to acts or entries allowed to be done after they should have been done, with a retroactive effect.
NUNCUPATIVE WILL
A verbal "death bed" will. Not valid in all states and restricted to personal property of limited value.
NUT
A slang term See: Overhead.
OAKUM
A fiber used as a caulking, made by pulling apart hemp or rope.
OATH
An attestation by a person which binds him or her legally and morally. Usually attesting to the truth of something, as an affidavit, or the validity of one's signature. A promise to tell the truth. Also, a promise to carry out a duty with high morality (oath of office). An oath has religious connotations and usually involves the word "swear", and may contain the phrase "so help me God", or require the one taking the oath to put his or her hand on a bible. An affirmation (see which) is still legally binding.
OBLIGATION BOND
A bond secured by a mortgage but over the mortgage amount. It creates a personal obligation on the part of the mortgagor.
OBLIGEE
One to whom an obligation (promise) is owed. See also: Obligor.
OBLIGOR
One who legally binds (obligates) oneself, such as the maker of a promissory note.
OBSOLESCENCE
An appraisal term meaning that the age of a structure may cause it to become undesirable in use or appearance (old fashioned) and consequently lose income and value.
OCCUPANCY
With reference to land, the word has become synonymous with possession.
OCCUPANCY RATE
The percentage of space or units rented. Opposite of Vacancy Rate.
OFF-SITE
Not on the property to be sold. For example: The developer of a housing tract sells only the house and lot, but must build the streets, sewers, etc., not on the lot.
OFF-SITE COSTS
The cost of off-site improvements.
OFF-SITE IMPROVEMENTS
Development of land to make adjacent property suitable for construction. Includes sidewalks, curbs, streets, sewers, streetlights, etc.
OFFER
A presentation or proposal for acceptance, in order to form a contract. To be legally binding, an offer must be definite as to price and terms.
OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE
Necessary elements of a contract to sell real estate. See also: Offer; Acceptance.
OFFER TO PURCHASE
See: Purchase Agreement.
OFFEREE
One to whom an offer is made.
OFFEROR
One making an offer.
OFFICE
A zoning designation allowing businesses to carry on their paperwork rather than manufacturing or sale of inventory to the public on the site. Some businesses may be conducted entirely out of such space, when only paperwork is involved, such as insurance companies, law firms, accounting firms, etc.
OFFICE OF THRIFT SUPERVISION
A federal bureau formed in 1989 as a branch of the Treasury Department as part of a major reorganization of the thrift (savings and loan) industry. OTS regulates, examines, and supervises both thrifts and their holding companies. The office director coordinates with other federal bureaus which regulate the nation's financial institutions by serving on the boards of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Resolution Trust Corporation, and others. The purpose of this office is to ensure a sound operation of savings institutions and compliance with federal laws.
OFFSET
(1) A ledge across a wall (usually brick or masonry) formed by reducing the thickness of the wall above the ledge. (2) To balance, as claims in a law suit. Commonly called set-off (when a counter- claim is made to offset damages, the counterclaim being made concerning different subject matter).
OFFSET STATEMENT
(1) A statement given to a buyer of rental property by a tenant, setting forth the amount of rent and terms of the rental agreement. (2) A statement by an owner or lienholder to a buyer, setting forth the balance due on existing liens against the property being purchased.
OHM
An electrical measure of resistance of the dissipating of one watt when one ampere passes through it.
OIL AND GAS LEASE
A lease giving the lessee the right to extract oil and gas from land. More like a mining lease than a land lease, in that the lessee has ownership interest in a portion of the property (the oil and gas) rather than just the use of the property. The lessor is generally paid based on the oil and gas taken. See also: Slant Drilling; Profit a Prendre.
OMNIBUS CLAUSE
Clause in a will or decree of distribution passing all property not specifically mentioned.
ON CENTER
A construction term referring to a measurement of distance from the center of one structural member to another, such as a stud, joist, etc. Abbreviated on construction drawings as O.C.
ON RAIL
Refers to property (usually industrial) which is served by a railroad.
ON-SITE COSTS
The cost of on-site improvements.
ON-SITE IMPROVEMENTS
Structures erected permanently for use on a site, such as buildings, fences, etc.
ON-SITE MANAGER
A property manager who lives on the property being managed. The law in most areas requires an on-site manager for apartments over a specified number of units.
ON-SITE OFFICE
A real estate branch office specifically for a particular development, and located at said development. May be a sales or leasing office.
ONE HOUR DOOR
A fire resistant door; one which will hold back a fire for a minimum of one hour.
ONE HOUR WALL
A fire resistant wall; one which will hold back a fire for a minimum of one hour.
ONE, TWO, THREE FINANCING
A method of "creative" financing by which the buyer (1) assumes an existing loan, (2) secures a second loan from a third party lender, (3) takes a third loan from the seller.
ONE-HUNDRED PERCENT LOCATION
The best location in the area. The term is most commonly used to describe a location in a city ideal for retail sales.
OPEN AND NOTORIOUS POSSESSION
(See: Notorious Possession).
OPEN BEAM CONSTRUCTION
A design using heavy roof beams as interior finish, exposed to give a roomy, heavy, rugged appearance to a room.
OPEN END MORTGAGE
A mortgage loan allowing the borrower to increase the amount borrowed during the term of the loan.
OPEN HOUSE
A house which is open without an appointment to prospective buyers (or tenants) for inspection, during certain hours and days of the week.
OPEN HOUSING
Housing made available to persons without regard to race, religion, sex, color, or national origin.
OPEN LISTING
A written authorization to a real estate agent by a property owner, stating that a commission will be paid to the agent upon presentation of an offer which meets a specified price and terms. However, the agent has no exclusive right to sell and must bring in his offer before any other offer is presented or accepted.
OPEN MORTGAGE
A mortgage that can be prepaid without penalty. See: Or More Clause.
OPEN SPACE LAND
Land used for agriculture, recreation, scenic beauty, natural resources, water shed, or wild life, and so designed on a map.
OPEN SPACE RATIO
Ratio of land area to floor area of an apartment building. Used in zoning requirements.
OPERATING EXPENSE RATIO (OER)
The ratio of operating expenses to effective gross income. The percentage derived from the ratio can be used by an appraiser to determine if the operating expenses are appropriate for the property.
OPERATING EXPENSES
The cost of operating an income producing property, such as management, utilities, and similar day to day expenses, as well as taxes, insurance, and a reserve for replacement of items which periodically wear out.
OPERATION OF LAW
The fixing of rights and duties by law rather than by agreement of the parties involved. Examples would include Intestate Succession, certain types of Warranties, and Quasi Contract.
OPINION OF TITLE
See: Abstract of Title.
OPTION
A right, which acts as a continuing offer, given for consideration, to purchase or lease property at an agreed upon price and terms, within a specified time.
OPTION CONTRACT
See: Option.
OPTION FOR ADDITIONAL SPACE
An option given to a tenant to rent additional space at a specified rental amount and terms.
OPTION TERM
The time during which an option may be exercised.
OPTIONEE
One who, for consideration, receives an option.
OPTIONOR
One who, for consideration, gives an option.
OR MORE CLAUSE
A clause in a note, mortgage, or deed of trust, allowing for additional payments to be made without penalty. The words "or more" come after the specified payment.
ORAL APPRAISAL
A verbal appraisal report. The conclusions must be based on the same methods as would be used in a written appraisal.
ORAL CONTRACT
A contract, partly written and partly spoken, or not at all reduced to writing.
ORDER CONFIRMING SALE
Court order confirming the terms of a sale of property out of an estate.
ORDINANCE
A law of statute. The term used to designate the enactments of the legislative body of a municipal corporation or a county.
ORDINARY INCOME
A term having meaning only in relation to income tax. The regular graduated scale of tax is paid on income which is called "ordinary", as opposed to capital gains or any other income taxed differently.
ORDINARY REPAIRS
Repairs necessary to keep a property in good condition, against ordinary wear and tear, decay, etc.
ORDINATE
A point along the vertical axis of a curve. When in conjunction with a point on the horizontal axis (abscissas), the point is called the "co-ordinates".
ORIEL WINDOW
A window projecting outward, similar to a bay window. However, an oriel window is supported by brackets or a cantilever, as opposed to a bay window which is supported by the foundation.
ORIENTATION
Planning the most advantageous place on a parcel of land for an improvement to be located.
ORIGINAL COST
The purchase price of property, paid by the present owner. The present owner may or may not be the first owner.
ORIGINAL FACE VALUE
The principal amount of a note or mortgage before any payments or default.
ORIGINAL PAYEE
The person or entity to which a check or promissory note is originally payable.
ORIGINAL PRINCIPAL BALANCE
The amount, not including interest, that the borrower owes on a new loan.
ORIGINATION FEE
A fee made by a lender for making a real estate loan. Usually a percentage of the amount loaned, such as one percent.
OSTENSIBLE AGENCY
An agency created by law when a principal acts (intentionally or negligently) as if one is an agent who in fact is not. See also: Apparent Authority.
OSTENSIBLE AUTHORITY
See: Apparent Authority.
OTS
See: Office of Thrift Supervision.
OUTBUILDING
A freestanding structure that is not the main building on the property. An example would be a barn or storage shed.
OVER IMPROVEMENT
An improvement, excessive in cost or size in relation to land value or value of surrounding improvements.
OVERAGE INCOME
Rental which exceed the base rate. May be from a percentage of the tenant's income (see: percentage) or some other formula (e.g. for a gasoline service station, a common overage would be x cents per gallon over x gallons per month, but nothing on repairs and the sale of other products such as oil, tires, etc.).
OVERAGE RENT
See: Overage Income.
OVERALL CAPITALIZATION RATE (R0)
The rate (expressed as a percentage) which is used to show the relationship between annual net operating income (N.O.I.) and estimated value (v). N.O.I. ÷ R0 = v. The overall capitalization rate includes both the rate of return of investment and rate of return on investment. See: Return of Investment; Return on Investment.
OVERBUILDING
Construction of an excessive number of similar properties (houses, apartments, etc.) so as to cause a surplus of supply over demands.
OVERHANG
An extension of a roof beyond the exterior walls, used as a shading or protection from rain, for a walkway.
OVERHEAD
The expenses of a business or property. Commonly referred to as the "nut".
OVERPASS
A bridge or road elevated to avoid intersecting with a roadway, railway, or other traffic carrier.
OVERRIDE
A rental amount paid due to sales of the tenant. For example: A lease for a service station may contain a provision for a certain addition to the rent for every gallon of gasoline over a certain amount sold each month. The amount over is called the override, such as two cents per gallon for every gallon over fifty thousand sold each month.
OVERRIDING ROYALTY
Common in oil and gas leases. A retained royalty by a lessee when the property is subleased.
OVERT
Open, manifest, public; action as distinguished from mere intention.
OWELTY OF EXCHANGE
Money necessary to equalize the value of the properties being exchanged. See also: Boot.
OWELTY OF PARTITION
Money paid by one co-tenant to another when property is split, but the result is properties of unequal value.
OWNER
One who has the rights of ownership.See: Ownership.
OWNER FINANCING
See: Purchase Money Mortgage (1).
OWNER OCCUPIED
Property physically occupied by the owner.
OWNER OF RECORD
The owner of property according to the records of the county recorder.
OWNER WILL CARRY MORTGAGE
A term used to indicate that the seller is willing to take back a purchase money mortgage. See: Purchase Money Mortgage (1).
OWNER'S POLICY
Title insurance for the owner of property, rather than a lienholder.
OWNERSHIP
Rights to the use, enjoyment, and alienation of property, to the exclusion of others. Concerning real property, absolute rights are rare, being restricted by zoning laws, restrictions, liens, etc.
PACKAGE MORTGAGE
Mortgage covering both real and personal property.
PACKAGE TRUST DEED
See: Package Mortgage.
PAD
The foundation of slab construction. Specifically used to describe where a mobile home is placed or a condominium is built, but can be generally used for any slab or land under a building.
PAIRED DATA ANALYSIS
See: Paired Sale.
PAIRED SALE
An appraisal procedure comparing only 2 properties, usually with only one major difference.
PANE
The glass portion of a door or window.
PANEL
(1) A section, raised, lowered, or level, of a wall, ceiling, fence, etc., self contained, and usually in a border or frame. (2) Sheets of gypsum, plywood, or other materials in similar form.
PANEL HEATING
Space heating by electric coils, hot air, hot water, or steam pipes, which are built into walls, ceilings, or floor panels. Also called radiant heating.
PANEL WALL
See: Curtain Wall.
PAPER
A mortgage, deed of trust, or land contract, which is given instead of cash. A seller would take back "paper" if he or she received a mortgage, deed of trust, or land contract as part of the purchase price.
PAR
(1) Average, equal, normal, etc. (2) Face value, as in negotiable instruments.
PAR VALUE
(1) Concerning stock. The face value of a share of stock. (2) With reference to mortgages or trust deeds, the value of the mortgage based on the balance owing, without discount.
PARAPET
A short wall along the edge of a platform, such as a roof, terrace, etc., to protect the edge and divert rainwater.
PARCEL
A general term meaning any part or portion of land.
PARCEL 2 EASEMENT
A colloquial term used to describe an appurtenant easement of the dominant tenement, because the easement is described in the legal description. Usually, the property is described as parcel 1 and the easement as parcel 2.
PARCEL MAP
A map allowed in some states as a substitute for a subdivision map for 1 to 4 parcels (lots) with no common area. The procedure is much simpler and less costly than creating a subdivision map.
PARGING
Coating cement on a masonry wall, usually for water proofing.
PARISH
A political division in Louisiana, comparable to a county.
PARKING
The acquisition of property by an exchange accommodation titleholder (EAT) to meet the requirements of a reverse exchange or build to suit exchange under IRS Code Section 1031 and Treasury Revenue Ruling 2003-37.
PARKING RATIO
The ratio of parking spaces to building (usually rentable) area. Examples: Office use, 4 parking spaces per 1000 square feet; apartment use, 2 parking spaces per unit.
PARKWAY
(1) A highway through a park, usually restricting vehicles over a certain weight. (2) A freeway or expressway.
PAROL
Verbal. Usually refers to evidence in a court of law. The "Parol Evidence Rule" governs when such evidence is admissible.
PAROL EVIDENCE RULE
A rule of evidence which does not admit prior writings or prior or contemporaneous verbal agreements as evidence to contradict a written contract. There are several exceptions.
PARQUET FLOOR
Patterned, hardwood flooring, especially parquetry (a geometric design).
PARTIAL CLAIM
A filing by a lender with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development requesting a one time, interest free, payment from the FHA insurance fund to bring a mortgage in default current. If approved, the payment from FHA to the lender is secured by a lien on the property (second mortgage).
PARTIAL PAYMENT
A payment less than the agreed upon amount that is due.
PARTIAL RECONVEYANCE
See: Partial Release.
PARTIAL RELEASE
A release of a portion of property covered by a mortgage. A subdivider will obtain a partial release as each lot is sold, upon payment of an agreed upon amount. In areas where the subdivider is not usually the builder, it may be necessary to sell groups of lots to obtain a partial release. In areas where deeds of trust are used instead of mortgages, a "partial reconveyance" is the document used.
PARTIAL TAKING
The taking of part of an owner's property under the laws of eminent domain. Compensation must be based on damages or benefits to the remaining property, as well as the part taken.
PARTICIPATION
Lender involvement in property whereby the lender receives a portion of profits or income from the property as well as interest. Usually occurs when money is tight or the risk is unusually high.
PARTICIPATION CERTIFICATES
Mortgage securities, rather than mortgages. The advantage of the certificate is that it is readily marketable or pledgeable.
PARTICIPATION LOAN
See: Participation.
PARTITION
(1) Any division of real or personal property between co-owners, resulting in individual ownership of the interest of each. (2) A wall, sometimes moveable, and not load-bearing, used to divide a room or building.
PARTNERSHIP
As defined by the Uniform Partnership Act, "An association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners, a business for profit". The business must be lawful and the partners must agree to share in the profit or loss (but not necessarily equally).
PARTY WALL
A wall erected on a property boundary as a common support to structures on both sides, which are under different ownerships.
PASS THROUGH
(1) A method of escalation found in modern leases whereby the tenant directly pays increases in operating expenses of the property. (2) A method of paying interest directly to certificate holders of a mortgage pool.
PASS THROUGH CERTIFICATE
A mortgage backed certificate under which interest from the mortgage pool is paid directly to the certificate holder.
PATENT
Instrument of conveyance of title to public (government) land.
PATENT DEFECT
A defect plainly visible or as would be discovered by the exercise of ordinary care. A patent defect in a legal description is one which cannot be corrected on its face, and a new description must be used. See also: Latent Defect.
PATIO
Originally, a courtyard, enclosed by columns, or an open courtyard. Modernly, a paved area adjoining a house, used for relaxation, outdoor cooking, eating, etc.
PAYMENT CAP
A maximum amount for a payment under an Adjustable Mortgage Loan, regardless of the increase in the interest rate. If the payment is less than the interest alone, negative amortization is created.
PAYOFF
The payment in full of an existing loan or other lien.
PAYOFF ESCROW
An escrow, specifically for the purpose of paying off an existing lien. Usually part of an existing escrow, and called a sub escrow.
PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS
A bridge over a highway, railway, etc., for pedestrian traffic.
PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC COUNT
See: Traffic Count.
PEDESTRIAN UNDERPASS
A tunnel, under a highway, used for pedestrian traffic.
PENALTY
A punishment. In a real estate contract containing a liquidated damage clause, the clause is not valid if construed as a penalty. See: Liquidated Damages.
PENNY
Most popularly applied to nails. A measure of length, symbolized by the letter "d".
PENSTOCK
(1) A valve to regulate or direct the flow of water. (2) A conduit for a similar purpose.
PENTHOUSE
(1) A condominium or apartment on the roof of a building, used as a residence. (2) A small building on a roof, which houses elevator machinery, ventilating equipment, etc.
PER ANNUM
Yearly, annually.
PER CAPITA
Literally, by heads. Commonly, as individuals. In the right to receive a portion of the estate of a deceased person, one claiming a per capita right would claim an equal share as an individual and not a divided share as part of a family (per stirpes).
PER DIEM
Daily.
PER SE
By itself; of itself; inherently.
PER STIRPES
As a representative, and not as an individual. In the laws of descent and distribution, one who takes because of the deceased ancestor. For example: A leaves equally to B and C per stirpes. C dies, leaving three children. The estate goes one half to B, one half to be divided among the three children of C. See also: Per Capita.
PERCENTAGE LEASE
A lease, generally on a retail business property, using a percentage of the gross or net sales to determine the rent. There is usually a minimum or "base" rental, in the event of poor sales.
PERCENTAGE RENT
See: Percentage Lease.
PERCH
A seldom used unit of measurement equal to 16 1/2 feet.
PERCOLATION
The absorption of liquid into soil by seepage.
PERCOLATION (PERK) TEST
The test to determine the capability of the soil to absorb liquid, both for construction and septic systems.
PERFECT ESCROW
A complete escrow. When the escrow agent has all instruments and instructions necessary to carry out the transaction (purpose of the escrow).
PERFORMANCE
In contracts, the carrying out of the promises given as consideration to form the contract.
PERFORMANCE BOND
A bond posted by a builder to insure completion of a project.
PERIMETER
(1) The boundary lines of a parcel of land. (2) The length of said boundary lines.
PERIMETER HEATING
See: Baseboard Heating.
PERIODIC PAYMENT CAP
The maximum amount that a payment under an adjustable rate loan can vary for one adjustment period, rather than over the life of the loan.
PERIODIC RATE CAP
The maximum amount that the interest rate under an adjustable rate loan can vary for one adjustment period, rather than over the life of the loan.
PERIODIC TENANCY
An agreement to rent from period to period. The period is determined by the rental payment (weekly, monthly, yearly, etc.).
PERISTYLE
A colonnade around a building or courtyard.
PERMANENT MORTGAGE
A mortgage on completed construction for a long period of time, usually over ten years. See also: Take Out Loan.
PERPETUITY
Continuing forever. Legally, pertaining to real property, any condition extending the inalienability of property beyond the time of a life or lives in being plus twenty-one years.
PERSONAL PROPERTY
Any property which is not designated by law as real property.
PERSONAL PROPERTY BROKER
A loan broker operating under a special license to broker personal property loans. The loan broker may be paid in a lump sum or from the monthly interest payment.
PERSONAL PROPERTY LOAN
A loan which is secured by both real and personal property. The minimum ratio of personal to real property is set by law. The credit of the borrower is a major consideration in making the loan. See also: Equity Loan.
PHA
See: Public Housing Agency.
PHASE I ENVIRONMENTAL SITE ASSESSMENT
An assessment of the environmental condition of a site (both land and improvements), often performed by an engineering consulting company. It would include: (1) A review of historical documents showing past ownership and use of the site. (2) Interviews with those who may have knowledge of past use. (3) A physical inspection of the site and adjoining properties. (4) A report which summarizes the findings and recommends any necessary action or recommends further investigation. Phase I may, but usually does not, involve sampling.
PHASE II ENVIRONMENTAL SITE ASSESSMENT
A further assessment after "Phase I" to verify the presence (or absence) of contaminants in the water or soil at the site. Samples are taken.
PHASE III ENVIRONMENTAL SITE ASSESSMENT
An assessment after "phase I" and "phase II" to determine the extent of contaminants in the water and/or soil at the site, both as to the depth and breath of the contamination. Samples are taken.
PHYSICAL AGE-LIFE METHOD OF DEPRECIATION
See: Age-Life Method of Depreciation.
PHYSICAL DEPRECIATION
See: Physical Deterioration.
PHYSICAL DETERIORATION
A type of depreciation (loss in value) to improvements caused by wear and tear or lack of maintenance. When economically feasible to correct, it is called "curable"; when not "incurable".
PHYSICAL LIFE
The normal life of an improvement, if properly maintained.
PI (PRINCIPAL AND INTEREST)
Used to indicate what is included in a monthly payment on real property. If the payment includes only principal and interest, property taxes and hazard insurance would make the total payment higher. (See: PITI).
PICTURE WINDOW
A large window used to let in light and a view, but not air.
PIER
(1) A structure extending from the solid land out into the water of a river, lake, harbor, etc., to afford convenient passage for persons and property to and from vessels along its sides. (2) A heavy, vertical support member, of masonry, wood, or metal.
PIER AND BEAM FOUNDATION
A foundation using columns (piers) which extend from footings below ground to the slab above ground. The area between the ground and the slab is called the crawl space and may contain plumbing, heating ducts, and electrical wiring.
PIGGYBACK LOAN
A loan made jointly by two or more lenders on the same property under one mortgage or trust deed. A 90% loan, for example, may have one lender loaning 80% and another (subordinate) lender loaning the top 10% (high risk portion).
PILASTER
A pier or column, which partly protrudes from a wall, or is attached to a wall as a decoration. If not strictly decorative, it may be a support member.
PILE
A vertical support member, driven into the ground (or bottom, if in water). May be of concrete, metal, or wood.
PILLAR
A vertical support member, usually the main support. Is not attached at its sides.
PIPELINE
An extended connection of pipes for transporting liquids or gases, such as oil or natural gas.
PITCH
(1) A mixture of resins; a black tar substance. (2) To incline, such as a sloping roof. The rate of incline is the pitch.
PITI (PRINCIPAL, INTEREST, TAXES AND INSURANCE)
Used to indicate what is included in a monthly payment on real property. Principal, interest, taxes and insurance are the four major portions of a usual monthly payment.
PLAINTIFF
The party bringing a civil action against a defendant.
PLANK
Lumber 2" to 4" in thickness, 8" or more in width.
PLANNED (UNIT) DEVELOPMENT
A subdivision of five or more individually owned lots with one or more other parcels owned in common or with reciprocal rights in one or more other parcels. The lots are generally small, being the exact size of the improvements, or slightly larger.
PLANNING COMMISSION
A board of a city, county, or similar local government, which must approve proposed building projects. Often must be confirmed by a higher board, such as a council.
PLANS
All drawings necessary to a construction project, including the subcontractors' drawings. See also: Specifications.
PLASTER OF PARIS
Gypsum heated to form a fine white powder which, when wet, will dry hard.
PLAT (PLAT MAP)
A map dividing a parcel of land into lots, as in a subdivision.
PLAT BOOK
A book which contains the plat maps for a given area.
PLATE
See: Wall Plates.
PLATFORM FRAME CONSTRUCTION
A common type of wood frame construction whereby each floor is built separately and supports (is a platform for) the next floor above. (See: Balloon Frame Construction; Post and Beam Frame Construction).
PLEDGE
The depositing (bailment) of goods (personal property) with a creditor as security for a debt.
PLEDGED ACCOUNT LOAN
A loan partially secured by the buyer or third party depositing funds into a savings account as collateral security for the loan. A portion of the monthly payment is drawn from the account over the first years of the loan.
PLEDGED ASSET MORTGAGE
A method of substituting a pledged asset, such as a CD, for a cash down payment. A buyer can then borrow one hundred percent of the purchase price. In the event of default the lender may convert the pledged asset to cash, which would reduce the loan to value ratio.
PLEDGEE
The party to whom goods are pledged.
PLEDGOR
The party delivering goods in pledge (pledging).
PLOT
(1) An area of ground for a specific use, such as a cemetery plot. (2) Ground on which an improvement is to be built.
PLOT PLAN
A plan of the location of improvements on a parcel of land. Also called a plot map. Don't confuse with plat.
PLOTTAGE
See: Assemblage.
PLOTTAGE INCREMENT
The increase in value created by joining smaller adjacent properties into one large parcel, under a single ownership.
PLUMB
(1) To provide plumbing. (2) A weight used on a line (plumb line) to determine the exact right angle to the ground or a floor.
PLUMBING
The pipes, fixtures, etc., necessary for the flow of water to a building, and flow of sanitary waste from a building.
PLY
A layer or fold. Commonly used to describe the thickness of any built-up surface, such as plywood, veneers, tires, etc.
PLYWOOD
A wood sheet made of layers (plies) of thin sheets, glued to a center sheet of thicker wood, the grain running at right angles.
PMI
See: Private Mortgage Insurance.
PMI PASS-THROUGH CERTIFICATES
Mortgage-backed securities of conventional mortgages insured by private mortgage insurance (PMI) companies. See: Mortgage Backed Securities.
POB
See: Point of Beginning.
POCKET CARD
A card issued by a state showing that an individual is licensed as a real estate broker or salesperson.
POINT
(1) One percent of the amount of the loan. (2) A commission paid for arranging a loan.
POINT LETTER
A letter from a lender which guarantees the number of points on a loan for a given time.
POINT OF BEGINNING (POB)
A term used in metes and bounds descriptions. The description will start with the words "Beginning at a point" and end with "to the point of beginning".
POLICE POWER
The power of the state which abridges individual rights for the safety, health, and general welfare of society.
POLICY
A general term used to describe all contracts of insurance.
POOL
See: Mortgage Pool.
PORCH
An extension from a structure, usually serving as part of the entrance. May be large enough for relaxation, and most often has its own roof, rather than a part of the structure roof.
PORTFOLIO LENDER
A lender who makes and holds loans rather than making loans and selling them in the secondary market.
PORTICO
A colonnade at the front of a building.
POSITIVE CARRY
Borrowing against mortgages at a lower rate than the mortgage yield. See: Warehousing.
POSITIVE CASH FLOW
See: Cash Flow; Negative Cash Flow.
POSITIVE LEVERAGE
Using borrowed money to increase the return on an investment. Example: Property is purchased for $100,000 cash and sold one year later for $150,000. The investment produced a return of 50%, less the cost of sale. Another property is purchased for $100,000 with $10,000 down and a $90,000 mortgage and sold one year later for $150,000. The investment produced a return of 500%, less the cost of sale and cost of the mortgage, still a much higher return than the cash purchase.
POSITIVE SPREAD
See: Positive Carry.
POSSESSION
Being in physical control of land or personal property, whether the owner or not. Possession may be lawful or wrongful.
POSSESSORY LIEN
A lien allowing the creditor to hold the property until paid.
POSSIBILITY OF REVERTER
The term shows no estate (interest) in property, but only the chance that an estate will exist at a future time. If a property were sold on the condition that it be used for a park, and, if not used for a park, would revert back to the seller, the seller would have a possibility of reverter.
POST
(1) To give public notice by attaching to a post or wall or displaying in a public place. (2) After. (3) A vertical support. (4) To enter into ledgers or books, such as posting to an account.
POST AND BEAM FRAME CONSTRUCTION
A type of wood frame construction using beams inside the building as support as well as sidewalls. This allows for larger spans.
POST AND LINTEL
A system of construction based on vertical supports with horizontal cross beams. No arches are used.
POSTDATED
Dating an instrument after the actual date of execution. Most often thought of in connection with checks, but sometimes used in states where certain days (Sundays and holidays) cannot be used to contract. The contract is still not legal if postdated for this reason.
POSTSTRESSED CONCRETE
Placing cables, in metal casing, in wet concrete. When the concrete dries, the cables are stretched, and the casing filled with grout. When the grout dries, the cables are released, transmitting the stress to the concrete.
POTABLE
Drinkable.
POTENTIAL GROSS INCOME
Rental income before deducting for vacancies, non-payment of rent and operating expenses.
POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE PARTY
A term used for those who may be responsible for environmental cleanup of a contaminated site. These include present owners, owners at the time of contamination, those persons who actually caused the contamination, whether owners or not, and those who transported the hazardous material to the site. All are "potentially" responsible.
POWER OF ATTORNEY
An authority by which one person (principal) enables another (attorney in fact) to act for him. (1) General power - Authorizes sale, mortgaging, etc. of all property of the principal. Invalid in some jurisdictions. (2) Special power - Specifies property, buyers, price and terms. How specific it must be varies in each state.
POWER OF SALE
Clause in a mortgage or deed of trust giving the mortgagee or trustee the power to sell the property in the event of default. There are laws which govern the sale, which must be at public auction, but there is no court action (judicial foreclosure) necessary.
PR
(1) Slang for the word profit. An expression not nationally used. (2) Public relations.
PRACTICING LAW
The domain of a duly licensed attorney. A real estate or escrow agent may not practice law. What constitutes practicing law varies with state statutes.
PRE-EMPTION RIGHT
The right given to settlers upon the public lands of the United States, to purchase the lands at a limited price in preference to others. Modernly, equivalent to a first refusal right.
PRE-FORECLOSURE SALE
A sale under which a lender allows a borrower to avoid foreclosure by selling the mortgaged property for an amount less than the amount necessary to pay off the mortgage loan.
PRE-QUALIFYING
A method by a lender allowing a prospective home buyer to determine how much may be borrowed on a mortgage loan before making a formal application. This enables the buyer to approximate the price range for the home purchase.
PREARRANGED REFINANCING AGREEMENT
An arrangement between a borrower and lender to refinance a loan at a later date. A construction loan, for example, could be refinanced to a long term loan.
PREDECESSOR
One who goes before. Differs from ancestor in that predecessor may apply to corporations or one holding office. Ancestor applies only to persons.
PREFABRICATED HOUSE
A house constructed of manufactured components, assembled partly at the site, rather than totally on the site. Also called a modular house.
PREFABRICATION
The manufacturing of parts of a structure, such as walls, roofs, etc., which are assembled at the construction site. More recently called modular housing.
PRELIMINARY TITLE REPORT
A report showing the condition of title before a sale or loan transaction. After completion of the transaction, a title insurance policy is issued.
PRELIMINARY TITLE SEARCH
A title search resulting in a Preliminary Title Report, Commitment or Binder.
PREMISES
(1) Buildings and immediately surrounding areas. (2) In conveyancing, the part of a deed giving the names of the grantor and grantee, the consideration, and description of the property conveyed.
PREMIUM
(1) Money paid for an insurance policy. (2) A bonus. The opposite of a discount.
PREPAID INTEREST
Interest paid before becoming due.
PREPAID ITEMS
Those expenses of property which are paid in advance and will usually be prorated upon sale, such as taxes, insurance, rent, etc.
PREPAYMENT
See: Or More Clause.
PREPAYMENT CLAUSE
A clause in a mortgage that determines whether the borrower may make additional principal payments without penalty and the limit, if any, of the additional payments. See also: Or More Clause.
PREPAYMENT PENALTY
A penalty under a note, mortgage, or deed of trust, imposed when the loan is paid before it is due.
PREPAYMENT PRIVILEGE
The right to prepay a loan without penalty, either in full or in part. See also: Lock-in; Or More Clause; Prepayment Penalty.
PRESCRIPTION
Written before.
PRESCRIPTIVE EASEMENT
The granting of an easement by a court, based on the presumption that a written easement was given (although none existed), after a period of open and continuous use of land.
PRESENT VALUE
1. The current appraised value of property. 2. The current value of money that will be received at a future date. See also: Present Value Of $1.
PRESENT VALUE OF $1
The value today of $1 to be received at a future date. Example: If you invested $1 today, you would have more than $1 in a year. Therefore, $1 received a year from today is worth less than $1 received today.
PRESERVATIVE
A chemical covering for wood or metal, preventing insect destruction or rot in the former, and rust in the latter.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Stretching wire or other reinforcement in wet concrete, then releasing it after the concrete has dried, causing the tension (stress) toward compaction of the concrete.
PRESUMPTION
An inference reached by probability and reasoning in the absence of absolute fact. A presumption of law is the required drawing of an inference from existing facts. The presumption may be rebuttable or conclusive. If rebuttable, facts may be presented to refute the presumption. If conclusive, no facts may be presented, as in estoppel.
PRETERMITTED CHILD
A child born after his/her parent's will is executed.
PRETERMITTED SPOUSE
A spouse married after the will of his/her spouse is executed.
PRICE
Modernly, the amount of money paid for property which is purchased, although the word is general enough to include anything given (not necessarily money) in exchange for something else.
PRICE TAKE-OFF METHOD
See: Quantity Survey Method.
PRIMA FACIE
At first sight; on the face of it. Presumed true unless disproved.
PRIMARY LEASE
The original lease, as distinguished from a sub lease.
PRIME LENDING RATE
The most favorable interest rates charged by a commercial bank on short term loans, (not mortgages).
PRIME MORTGAGE MARKET
The market in which the loan is originated. The loan may then be sold in the Secondary Mortgage Market.
PRIME TENANT
The major tenant in a building, shopping center, etc. It may be necessary to have a prime tenant in order to obtain construction financing. The tenant may be considered "prime" because of its financial strength, rather than by the amount of space it occupies.
PRIMER
A coat of sealant or other preparatory substance, applied to a surface before a finish coat.
PRINCIPAL
(1) The person who gives authority to an agent or attorney (see attorney-in-fact). (2) Amount of debt, not including interest. The face value of a note, mortgage, etc.
PRINCIPAL BALANCE
The amount owed on a loan at any given date, not including interest.
PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN (PRIME MERIDIAN)
The meridian being used as a reference point in a specific property description. See also: Base Line; Meridian.
PRINCIPAL RESIDENCE
The prime or main living quarters. It may be based on time spent at the location or declared by the resident to be his/her principal residence. It is important, for example, for tax purposes and declarations of homestead.
PRINCIPAL, INTEREST, TAXES, AND INSURANCE
See: PITI.
PRIORITY
That which comes first in time or importance. Regarding liens, the time of recording usually establishes priority.
PRIORITY CLAUSE
A clause in a junior lien, acknowledging the priority of a prior lien.
PRIVATE CONDUIT
See: Conduit.
PRIVATE LAND GRANT
A grant of public land to an individual.
PRIVATE MORTGAGE INSURANCE
Insurance against a loss by a lender in the event of default by a borrower (mortgagor). The insurance is similar to insurance by a governmental agency such as FHA, except that it is issued by a private insurance company. The premium is paid by the borrower and is included in the mortgage payment.
PRIVATE PROPERTY
Property owned by a person, group, corporation, or other entity, not a governmental body.
PRIVITY
Mutual or successive relationship to the same rights of property, such as heir and ancestor, assignee and assignor.
PRO RATE
To divide in proportionate shares, such as taxes, insurance, rent, or other items which buyer and seller share as of the time of closing, or other agreed upon time.
PROBATE
Originally, the proving that a will was valid. Modernly, any action over which probate court has jurisdiction.
PROBATE COURT
A court having jurisdiction of estates, whether of a deceased, a minor, or a incompetent person.
PROBATE SALE
Sale of property from an estate. must be done under supervision and procedures of the probate court.
PROCEEDS
A term commonly used to describe the money that goes to the seller of property after costs of the sale and payoffs. The net cash to the seller.
PROCURING CAUSE
The direct or proximate cause. In an open listing to sell real property, for example, the broker would only receive a commission if she procured the buyer.
PROFIT
The difference of income less expenses. Further broken down into net profit and gross profit, (see which).
PROFIT A PRENDRE
A right to take from the soil, such as by logging, mining, drilling, etc. The taking (profit) is the distinguishing characteristic from an easement, although easement is frequently used as a synonym.
PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT
A statement showing the income and expenses of a business over a stated time, the difference being the profit or loss for a period.
PROGRESS BILLING
Billing by a contractor as an agreed to amount of work is completed. This can be based on a percentage of work completed or stages of work completed.
PROGRESS PAYMENTS
Payments based on Progress Billing. See: Progress Billing.
PROGRESSION
The gaining of value from surroundings. Better properties cause lesser properties in the immediate area to be worth more than if the better properties were not as good. The opposite is regression.
PROJECT
Any development built with HUD financial assistance at any phase.
PROMISEE
One to whom a promise has been made, such as the lender under a promissory note.
PROMISOR
One who makes a promise. The borrower under a promissory note.
PROMISSORY NOTE
A promise in writing, and executed by the maker, to pay a specified amount during a limited time, or on demand, or at sight, to a named person, or on order, or to bearer.
PROPERTY
Anything which is owned by someone. See also: Real Estate.
PROPERTY BRIEF
An expression, not nationally used, meaning a description of a property for sale, which is submitted to a prospective purchaser.
PROPERTY LINE
The boundary line of a parcel of land.
PROPERTY MANAGEMENT
The branch of the real estate business dealing with the management of property. The property may be a rented house or a large office or industrial complex. The duties may range form merely collecting rents to complete management of all maintenance and may also include being leasing agent or sales agent.
PROPERTY MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT
The contract between an owner and property manager (or management company), setting forth the duties of and payment for said manager.
PROPERTY OWNERS' ASSOCIATION
See: Homeowners' Association.
PROPERTY RESIDUAL TECHNIQUE
An appraisal technique whereby land and building are valued as a single unit. The income (net operating income) is capitalized (divided) by an overall capitalization rate to reach estimated value. See: Building Residual Technique: Land Residual Technique.
PROPERTY TAX
Generally, a tax levied on both real and personal property; the amount of the tax is dependent on the value of the property.
PROPERTY TAX DEFERRAL (PTD)
Reverse mortgages that pay annual property taxes; usually offered by state or local governments
PROPRIETARY LEASE
Most commonly used in relation to stock cooperatives, whereby the owners of stock lease units (apartments).
PROPRIETORSHIP
See: Sole Proprietorship.
PRORATION
To divide (prorate) property taxes, insurance premiums, rental income, etc., between buyer and seller proportionately to time of use, or the date of closing.
PROSCENIUM
Originally the stage of a theater. Modernly, the portion of the stage on the audience side of the curtain.
PROSPECT
A potential buyer, seller, or tenant, rather than one which is actually in the process of buying, selling, or leasing.
PROSPECTUS
A brochure, presenting for a prospective investor the details of an offering.
PROVISIONAL PAYMENTS
Payments to a contractor on a cost reimbursement contract to pay for the contractor's expenses as work progresses.
PROXIMATE CAUSE
The direct cause, the result of which is foreseeable. Example: A cow kicks over a lantern and a major city burns to the ground. The act of the cow would be the actual cause but not the proximate (foreseeable) cause.
PROXY
Although the term legally encompasses any agent, it is most frequently used in connection with representation at a meeting, especially when voting is concerned. The written authority to act is called a proxy, as well as the person acting.
PRP
See: Potentially Responsible Party.
PTD
See: Property Tax Deferral.
PUBLIC AUCTION
See: Auction.
PUBLIC DOMAIN LAND
See: Public Land.
PUBLIC HOUSING
A governmental housing project, usually to accommodate low income families.
PUBLIC HOUSING AGENCY
Any government agency authorized by law to develop or manage low-income housing.
PUBLIC LAND
Lands belonging to the federal government, not reserved for government use but subject to sale or other disposal.
PUBLIC LAND SYSTEM
Legal descriptions of land by reference to the public land survey. Often called sectional property descriptions.
PUBLIC OFFERING STATEMENT
See: Public Report.
PUBLIC RECORDS
Usually at a county level, the records of all documents which are necessary to give notice. The records are available to the public. All transactions for real estate sales should be recorded.
PUBLIC REPORT
A report given to prospective purchasers in a new subdivision, stating the conditions of the area (costs of common facilities, availability of schools, noise factor if near an airport, etc.), issued by the real estate commission.
PUBLIC SALE
Sale at auction, open to the public. May be a foreclosure sale, tax sale, excess state land sale, or other type. A "public" sale generally requires notice (advertising) and must be held in a place accessible to the general public.
PUBLIC UTILITY
A company such as the telephone company, electric company, or gas company, which supplies a necessity in our modern life.
PUD
See: Planned Unit Development.
PUFFER
One hired to make false bids at an auction in order to raise the price of the property being sold.
PUFFING
An opinion not made as a representation of fact, but intended to enhance the value of the property.
PUNITIVE DAMAGES
See Exemplary Damages.
PUR AUTRE VIE
For (during) the life of another. A life estate measured not by the life of the grantee, but by the life of another person. The life of a famous person is commonly used, such as a young member of a royal family known for its longevity.
PURCHASE AGREEMENT
An agreement between a buyer and seller of real property, setting forth the price and terms of the sale.
PURCHASE AND LEASEBACK
See: Sale-Leaseback.
PURCHASE AND SALE AGREEMENT
See: Purchase Agreement.
PURCHASE MONEY BOND
A bond having a purchase money mortgage as security.
PURCHASE MONEY MORTGAGE
(1) A mortgage given from buyer to seller to secure all or a portion of the purchase price. (2) Any mortgage from which the funds are used to purchase the property.
PURCHASE MONEY TRUST DEED
See: Purchase Money Mortgage.
PURCHASE OFFER
See: Purchase Agreement.
PURCHASER'S POLICY
See: Owner's Policy.
PURLIN
A horizontal supporting beam of a roof frame, parallel to the ridge line and placed under the rafters.
PUTTY
A soft clay-like mixture used as a filler for cracks, joints, and to install window panes.
PYLON
(1)A monumental mass which flanks an entrance, such as pillars at a gateway. (2) A tower, such as the steel towers which support high tension wires.
PYRAMID ROOF
A roof resembling a pyramid; having four sloping sides, either forming a point, as a church steeple, or running at a lesser angle to a horizontal ridge, as is common on free standing garages.
PYRAMID ZONING
Including more restrictive uses in less restrictive uses. Examples: Residential use (more restrictive) would be allowed in an area zoned commercial (less restrictive); commercial (more restrictive) would be allowed in an area zoned industrial (less restrictive).
QUAD
See: Quadrant.
QUADRANGLE
In the Government Survey method of describing real property, a square area of land 24 miles square (24 miles on each side or 576 square miles), containing 16 Townships (six miles square) or 576 Sections (one mile square).
QUADRANT
(1) A quarter section of a circle. (2) One of the quarters created by two intersecting roads or streets.
QUALIFIED FEE ESTATE
An ownership interest in real property that is not absolute. See: Defeasible Title; Fee Tail.
QUALIFIED INTERMEDIARY
The party that facilitates the exchange of property to meet the requirements of IRS Code Section 1031. To be "qualified" the party must not be related to the taxpayer and have no interest in the property. Section 1031 sets out the full requirements. The party is also commonly called an Accommodator or Facilitator.
QUALIFYING RATIOS
See: Debt Ratio.
QUANTITY SURVEY METHOD
Also called "price take-off" method. A process of arriving at an estimate of new construction costs by a detailed estimate of quantities of necessary building materials plus labor costs.
QUARTER
See: Quarter Section.
QUARTER ROUND
A molding which, in cross-section, resembles a quarter circle.
QUARTER SECTION
One quarter of a section. A quarter section (commonly called a quarter) contains 160 acres.
QUASH
To abate, annul, overthrow, vacate, void.
QUASI
Similar to but intrinsically different.
QUASI CONTRACT
A contract created by operation of law where no actual contract exists. The purpose is to avoid unfairness and create a remedy for the injured party.
QUAY
A wharf used for loading or unloading ships.
QUESTION OF FACT
Question as to what actually happened. Determined by physical evidence and decided by a jury in a jury trial.
QUESTION OF LAW
Given the facts, what laws, if any, are applicable; decided by a judge, even in a jury trial.
QUICK ASSETS
See: Liquid Assets.
QUIET ENJOYMENT
See: Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment.
QUIET TITLE
See: Action To Quiet Title.
QUIETUS
Final disposition of a claim or debt.
QUITCLAIM DEED
A deed operating as a release; intended to pass any title, interest, or claim which the grantor may have in the property, but not containing any warranty of a valid interest or title in the grantor.
QUOIN
See: Coign, Coigne.
R.E.I.T.(REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS)
A method of investing in real estate in a group, with certain tax advantages. Federal and state statutes dictate procedure.
R.E.O.
See: Real Estate Owned.
RAA
See: Residential Accredited Appraiser.
RABBET
A method of joining or fitting together wood by cutting a deep groove in one piece to allow the other to be fitted against it.
RACEWAY
A pipe carrying electrical wiring, having outlets at close intervals.
RADIANT HEATING
A heating system using electrical coils, or pipes in the ceilings, walls, or floors, which heat with steam, hot water, or hot air.
RADIATOR
An old fashioned, cast iron, ribbed heating fixture using hot water. Most modern systems use air for heating, because water or steam systems are more expensive.
RADON
A gas in soil that can enter a structure and cause health problems for the occupants. Since radon is odorless, colorless and tasteless, a test must be run to determine its presence.
RAFTERS
Load-bearing timbers of a roof. Flat roof rafters are usually called joists.
RAIL
(1) A horizontal bar, such as the cross member of a fence. (2) Tracks on which a train runs.
RAKE
Sloping members, such as a cornice, which run parallel to the inclination of a roof.
RAM
See: Reverse Mortgage.
RAMP
(1) An inclined, concrete or wooden path, used instead of steps. (2) A roadway used as an entrance or exit to a limited access highway.
RANCH
Traditionally, a place for raising horses or cattle, which feed on a grazing range. More modernly, the term has been applied to the raising of other animals under controlled conditions, such as mink, chickens, etc.
RANCH STYLE HOUSE
Modernly, any one story house is called a ranch style. A true ranch style house is rambling, with low pitched gable roofs, and an interior of open design.
RANCH UNIT
The ranch itself plus public lands used as part of the ranch operation, under permits.
RANDOM SHINGLES
Roof or siding shingles of different sizes.
RANGE
(1) A division of land in the government survey, being a six mile wide row of townships, running North and South, and used in legal descriptions. (2) Land used for grazing livestock.
RAT WALL
A wall only a few inches above ground, but to a specified depth (according to local code) below ground, around a house to prevent rats from going under the house. Not used in all parts of the country, and only necessary where there is not a full basement or slab construction.
RATABLE ESTATE
Property capable of being rated (assessed, taxed).
RATE CAP
The limit (cap) of the amount of interest increase or decrease of an adjustable rate loan.
RATE INDEX
An index used to adjust the interest rate of an adjustable mortgage loan. For example: the change in U.S. Treasury securities (T-Bills) with a 1 year maturity. The weekly average yield on said securities, adjusted to a constant maturity of one year, which is the result of weekly sales, may be obtained weekly from the Federal Reserve Statistical Release H.15 (519). This change in interest rates is the "index" for the change in the specific Adjustable Mortgage Loan.
RATE LOCK
See: Lock-in (1).
RATE OF RETURN
The annual percentage of return, both of and on invested capital.
RATE-IMPROVEMENT MORTGAGE
A fixed rate mortgage under which the interest rate will go down if rates should fall. The loan is offered when rates appear to be falling. The borrower usually can request the rate reduction only once, during the first few years of the term of the loan.
RATIFICATION
Affirming a prior act which was not legally binding; the affirmation gives the act legal effect. Occurs when an unauthorized agent acts, and the principal later affirms the action, giving authority retroactively.
RAW LAND
Land in its natural state. Land which has not been subdivided into lots, does not have water, sewers, streets, utilities, or other improvements necessary before a structure can be constructed.
RAZE
To tear down or demolish.
RE-ENTRY
The right to resume possession reserved when the possession was given to another. Not automatic and court action may be necessary.
READY, WILLING, AND ABLE
Capable of present performance. A broker supplying an offer from a ready, willing and able buyer, which meets the price and terms of the listing, is entitled to a commission, even though the seller is not bound to accept the offer. A standard listing agreement would state this.
REAL ESTATE
(1) Lands and anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings, fences and those things attached to the buildings, such as light fixtures, plumbing and heating fixtures, or other such items which would be personal property if not attached. The term is generally synonymous with real property, although in some states a fine distinction may be made. (2) May refer to rights in real property as well as the property itself.
REAL ESTATE AGENT
Commonly describes one who is licensed to sell real estate but is not a broker. May correctly describe a broker as well as one who works under a broker.
REAL ESTATE BOARD
A board composed of regular members (real estate brokers and sales- associates), and affiliate members (lenders, title companies, etc.) for the purpose of furthering the real estate business in a given area.
REAL ESTATE BROKER
See: Broker.
REAL ESTATE BROKERAGE MANAGERS COUNCIL
A division of the REALTORS National Marketing Institute, an affiliate of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS, it confers the designation of Certifies Real Estate Brokerage Manager (CRB) upon those who brokerage owners and managers who have reached a high level of expertise in this area.
REAL ESTATE COMMISSION
See: Department of Real Estate.
REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST
See: R.E.I.T.
REAL ESTATE LICENSE
A state license granted to one as a broker or salesperson, after passing an examination. Some states have educational requirements before the brokers' examination may be taken.
REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE INVESTMENT CONDUIT (REMIC)
Created by the Tax Reform Act Of 1986, the "Conduit" is a vehicle through which mortgage backed securities can be issued.
REAL ESTATE OWNED (R.E.O.)
Most commonly refers to property owned by a lender from foreclosure of mortgages or trust deeds. This property is usually for sale.
REAL ESTATE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES ACT
See: RESPA.
REAL PROPERTY
See: Real Estate.
REALIST
A member of the National Association of Real Estate Brokers.
REALTORS LAND INSTITUTE (RLI)
An affiliate of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS, it offers programs and education to those who specialize in various aspects of land. The designation of Accredited Land Consultant (ALC) is conferred upon those who meet the required experience and education.
REALTORS NATIONAL MARKETING INSTITUTE
An affiliate of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS, it is composed of the Real Estate brokerage Managers Council and The Council of Residential Specialists which offer programs and prestigious designations.
REALTOR®
A designation given to a real estate broker or sales associate who is a member of a board associated with the National Association of Realtors® or with the National Association of Real Estate Boards.
REALTY
Real estate.
REAMORTIZATION
A modification of a mortgage revising the schedule of payments for the remaining life of the loan.
REASSESSMENT
Re-estimating the value of all property in a given area for tax assessment purposes.
REBAR
A slang term for the steel reinforcement bars inside poured concrete.
REBATE
A discount or reduction in price of a product or interest, not given in advance, but handed back because of prompt payment or other reason. Many states regulate gifts and educational aids given to real estate brokers by supporting companies such as title companies, calling these in effect, a price discount (rebate).
RECAPTURE
The return of monies invested in property, through reduction of the loan amount and appreciation; it is realized when the property is sold.
RECAPTURE OF DEPRECIATION
Taxing as ordinary income, upon the sale of property, the amount of depreciation taken above straight line depreciation.
RECAPTURE RATE
The annual rate of recapture. See: Recapture.
RECASTING
Changing the terms of an existing loan. Usually done when repayment under the current terms appears unlikely. If done for this reason, the payment is lowered by extending the loan period, reducing the interest rate, reducing the principal or any combination of the above.
RECEIPT
A written acknowledgement or admission that something has been received. Has no other legal effect, and does not in itself affirm any contractual obligation.
RECEIVER
A court appointed person who holds property which is either in dispute or cannot competently be handled by its owner.
RECIPROCITY
A mutual exchange of privileges by states, allowing attorneys, real estate brokers, and others to practice in one state while being licensed in another.
RECITAL
Setting forth in a deed or other writing some explanation for the transaction. For example: A deed may state that the property is being transferred in lieu of foreclosure.
RECLAMATION
The process of bringing economically unusable land to a higher dollar value by physically changing it. For example: draining a swamp, irrigating a desert, replanting a forest.
RECONCILIATION
The analysis by an appraiser of the different indications of value to arrive at the final estimate, giving appropriate weight to each.
RECONDITIONING
Restoring a property to good condition without changing its plan or character, as distinguished from remodeling. Also called renovation, rehabilitation.
RECONVEYANCE
An instrument used to transfer title from a trustee to the equitable owner of real estate, when title is held as collateral security for a debt. Most commonly used upon payment in full of a trust deed. Also called a deed of reconveyance or release.
RECORD OWNER
See: Owner of Record.
RECORDATION
Filing instruments for public record (and notice) with a recorder (usually a county official).
RECORDED MAP
A map recorded in a county recorder's office. May be a subdivision map or describe a non-subdivided parcel. Reference to a recorded map is commonly used in legal descriptions.
RECORDED PLAT
A subdivision map filed as a matter of public record.
RECORDER
The person who is in charge of the recorded documents of a county. See: County Records.
RECORDER'S OFFICE
The county office where instruments are recorded, giving public notice.
RECORDING
Filing documents affecting real property as a matter of public record, giving notice to future purchasers, creditors, or other interested parties. Recording is controlled by statute and usually requires the witnessing and notarizing of an instrument to be recorded.
RECORDING ACTS
State statutes enacted to cover the public recording of deeds, mortgages, etc., and the effect of these recordings as notice to creditors, purchasers, and other interested parties.
RECORDING FEE
The amount paid to the recorder's office in order to make a document a matter of public record.
RECOURSE
The right of the holder of a note secured by a mortgage or deed or trust to look personally to the borrower or endorser for payment, not just to the property.
RECTANGULAR SURVEY SYSTEM
A system of describing land by base lines and meridian, townships and sections. Also called U.S. government survey system or sectional property description.
RECTIFICATION OF BOUNDARIES
The clarification or correction of boundary lines between properties.
RED LINING
The outlining of a map of certain "high risk" areas for real estate loan purposes. This means lenders will not extend credit in these areas for real property loans, regardless of the qualifications of the applicant. Some states have passed laws against this practice. The use of a red pen or pencil for the outlining gave rise to the term.
REDDENDUM
Technical name for a clause in a conveyancing instrument or lease, creating a reservation in the grantor or lessor.
REDEEMABLE RENT
Rent which, by agreement, is refunded or set off against the selling price when the tenant exercises a purchase option.
REDEMPTION
The process of canceling a defeasible title to land, such as is created by a mortgage foreclosure or tax sale.
REDEMPTION PERIOD
A time period during which a mortgage, land contract, deed of trust, etc., can be redeemed. Usually set by statute, and after judicial foreclosure.
REDEVELOPMENT
Generally, the improvement of land in accordance with an urban renewal project.
REFEREE
One appointed by a court to take testimony and report back to the court. May be in bankruptcy or other proceedings.
REFERRAL
In the real estate business, generally the act of a past client recommending a real estate broker or agent to one currently a buyer or seller. Also, any recommendation by one real estate agent of another for a referral fee.
REFINANCE
(1) The renewing of an existing loan with the same borrower and lender. (2) A loan on the same property by either the same lender or borrower. (3) The selling of loans by the original lender.
REFORMATION
An action to correct a deed or other document which, through mistake or fraud, does not express the real agreement or intent of the parties.
REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTER
The largest type of shopping center, having one or more major department stores, a variety of retail stores, usually a bank or savings and loan, and common parking and management.
REGISTER
A grid-like opening in a wall, ceiling, or floor, through which hot or cold air flows for heating or air conditioning.
REGISTRAR OF DEEDS
A term used in some states to describe the person in charge of recorded instruments. More commonly called a recorder.
REGULATION Z
Federal Reserve regulation issued under the Truth-in-Lending Law, which requires that a credit purchaser be advised in writing of all costs connected with the credit portion of the purchase.
REHABILITATION
Synonymous with reconditioning, except when used in connection with urban renewal, at which time it encompasses all types of changes, including structural and even street changes.
REHABILITATION MORTGAGE
(1) A loan secured by a mortgage that covers the costs of repairing or improving the property. (2) A loan secured by a mortgage used both to purchase property and make repairs and improvements. It may be more than 100% of the appraised value.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete strengthened by reinforcing (addition of steel bars, mesh, etc.).
REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
The use of reinforced concrete in the load-bearing members, such as the frame, foundation, walls, floors, etc.
REINFORCING
(1) The strengthening of concrete by positioning metal rods, mesh, etc. in said concrete when wet. (2) The strengthening of any members by propping or adding additional material.
REINSTATEMENT
(1) Payment of a note, mortgage, deed of trust, etc., to bring it from default to good standing. (2) Restoring the previously used entitlement of a veteran to enable the veteran to purchase property under a VA program. (Also called Restoration of Eligibility).
REINSURANCE
The transferring of a portion of the liability to other insurers. Example: Insurer A insures for $200,000. A insures for $100,000 and reinsures the "second" $100,000 through B insurer. The "first" $100,000 is called "primary liability".
REISSUE RATE
A charge for a title insurance policy if a previous policy on the same property was issued within a specified period. The reissue rate is less than the original charge.
RELEASE
An instrument releasing property from the lien of the mortgage, judgment, etc. When a trust deed is used, the instrument is called a reconveyance. In some areas, a "discharge" is used instead of a release.
RELEASE AND ASSIGNMENT OF SECURITY DEPOSIT
A form used to have a tenant give up his/her interest in a security deposit. Frequently used when there is more than one tenant (roommates). A new roommate makes arrangements with the departing one for his/her portion of the security deposit and the landlord doesn't have to be involved.
RELEASE CLAUSE
A clause in a blanket encumbrance allowing for the "release" of certain parcels upon payment of a specified amount. Example: A builder mortgages an entire subdivision under one loan. As the builder sells each house, the lender releases the lien upon that house upon a specified payment by the builder.
RELICTION
An increase of land by the permanent withdrawal of the sea, a river, lake, or other body of water.
RELIEF
See: Topography.
RELIEF MAP
A map showing the topography of an area.
REMAINDER
(1) An estate which vests in one other than a grantor, after the termination of an intermediate estate. Example: A grants land to B for life, then to C, his heirs or assigns. If A grants to B for life, then back to A, it is not a remainder, but reversion. (2) The portion of a property remaining after a taking under eminent domain.
REMAINDERMAN
The one entitled to the remainder.
REMAINING BALANCE
The amount of money owing on a loan. It usually refers to the principal balance but may include delinquent interest.
REMAINING ECONOMIC LIFE
number of years between the time of an appraisal and the point in time when an improvement becomes economically valueless.
REMAINING TERM
The time left to amortizing a loan. It is usually expressed in months.
REMIC
See: Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit.
REMISE
To give up or remit. Used in a deed, especially a quitclaim deed.
REMNANT
An appraisal term. A parcel of land, after a partial taking by eminent domain, so small or poorly shaped as to have practically no value.
REMODELING
Improving a structure by changing its plan, characteristics, or function, as opposed to reconditioning.
RENDERING
See: Artist's Conception.
RENEGOTIABLE RATE MORTGAGE
A real property loan calling for an adjustment in the interest rate at a given time. Example: A loan with a 15 year amortization is adjusted to current interest rates after 2 years. The lender agrees to make the adjusted loan at the new rate as long as the old loan is not in default. The Federal Reserve Board allows the original loan to be treated either as a balloon payment loan or a variable rate loan. However, points must be figured into the A.P.R. based on the time or renegotiation (2 years rather than 15).
RENEGOTIATION
An attempt to agree on new terms to an existing contract (in real estate, usually a lease). A lease, for example, may call for renegotiation of rent after 5 years. Since renegotiation needs agreement of the parties, a set formula to determine the rent, such as an escalation clause, would not be renegotiation. Arbitration may be provided for in the event renegotiation fails.
RENEWAL
(1) To cause a lease to begin again for another term. (2) To rebuild, as in urban development (urban renewal).
RENEWAL OPTION
The right of a tenant to renew (extend the term of) a lease for a stated period of time and rent which can be determined.
RENOVATION
See: Reconditioning.
RENT
Consideration paid for the occupancy and use of real property. A general term covering any consideration (not only money).
RENT CONTROLS
A legal maximum on rental price. Used extensively during World War II. Modernly, a control on subsidized housing, where the rent is paid partly by the government agency, and a maximum rent is established, not by the landlord, but by the agency.
RENT LOSS INSURANCE
A policy that covers loss of rent in the event of damage to the property that makes it uninhabitable.
RENT SUBSIDY
See: Subsidy.
RENT-FREE PERIOD
See: Free Rent.
RENT-UP PERIOD
The length of time to rent a property newly constructed or renovated.
RENTABLE AREA
The area (square footage) for which rent can be charged. For example: An office building would not rent the space used for stairways, elevators, public washrooms, hallways, etc.
RENTAL AGENT
One who (for a fee) aids a landlord to find a tenant or a tenant to find property. Generally concerned with residential property and may not require a real estate license (or may require a special license) in some states.
RENTAL AGREEMENT
A lease. The term is mainly used when concerning residential property.
RENTAL VALUE
The fair rental value of a property; the market rental value.
REPAIRS
The general upkeep of property without major replacement or change of the plan or characteristics of the building.
REPLACEMENT
The substitution of a portion of a structure with one of substantially the same nature, such as a new furnace, new roof, etc.
REPLACEMENT COST
The current cost to construct a building having the same utility as the subject building but using modern techniques and material.
REPLEVIN
A legal action to recover goods wrongfully taken, where damages are not satisfactory.
REPRESENTATION
See: Per Stirpes.
REPRODUCTION COST
The current cost to construct an exact duplicate of the subject property.
REQUEST FOR RECONVEYANCE
A request by a beneficiary under a deed of trust to the trustee, requesting the trustee to reconvey the property (release the lien) to the trustor, usually upon payment in full.
RERECORDING
The recording of a deed for a second time to correct an error contained in the deed when originally recorded. Also called a correction deed, confirmation deed, or reformation deed.
RESALE MARKET
The selling of property after the initial sale. Example: A builder sells a house. The homeowner subsequently "resells" the house. The second sale is in the resale market.
RESALE PROCEEDS
See: Proceeds.
RESCIND
To void or cancel in such a way as to treat the contract or other object of the recision as if it never existed.
RESCISSION
See: Rescission of a Contract.
RESCISSION OF A CONTRACT
Annulling or abrogating a contract and placing the parties to it in a position as if there had not been a contract.
RESERVATION
(1) A right created and retained by a grantor. The reservation may be temporary (such as a life estate) or permanent (such as an easement running with the land). (2) Public land reserved for a special purpose, such as an Indian reservation.
RESERVE
A setting aside of funds, usually for indefinite contingencies, such as future maintenance of a structure, or to pay future claims, such as insurance claims.
RESERVOIR
A body of water used as household water (drinking, washing, etc.), irrigation, or other domestic or commercial uses. The water is usually treated and its purity is monitored.
RESIDENCE
A place where someone lives. See also: Domicile (1).
RESIDENT MANAGER
A manager of an apartment project who lives on the property. Some states require a resident manager in apartment projects above a certain number of units. The manager is not required to have a real estate license.
RESIDENTIAL ACCREDITED APPRAISER
A designation awarded by the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS to a member who is a state certified Residential Appraiser and has the required additional required experience and tested education.
RESIDENTIAL BROKER
A licensed real estate broker specializing in the sale of residential property, such as single family homes, PUDs and condominiums.
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING RATE
The rate of residential construction in a given area. Determined by housing starts per 1,000 population.
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY
Land designated by zoning ordinances as "residential". May be vacant or improved.
RESIDUAL
Amount remaining. Example: The income remaining after deducting for vacancies and operating expenses of apartment units. The amount can then be divided by the market capitalization rate to estimate the present value of the property.
RESIDUARY ESTATE
That property of a deceased after expenses of administration, and after all bequests and devises.
RESORT PROPERTY
Generally, any property where people would go for purposes of fun and vacations. In some states the term may have legal significance, and regulations may exist regarding advertising and selling property as resort property.
RESPA (REAL ESTATE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES ACT)
A federal statute effective June 20, 1975, requiring disclosure of certain costs in the sale of residential (one to four family) improved property which is to be financed by a federally insured lender.
RESPONDEAT SUPERIOR
Doctrine of responsibility of a principal for the wrongful acts of an agent arising from the authorized acts of said agent. In real estate, one of the reasons for the status of independent contractor.
RESTORATION
(1) Repair (may be very extensive) to a building to cause it to look like it did at an earlier time. (2) Returning land to a former state. Examples: Replanting trees after cutting them down, leveling strip mines, gravel pits, etc.
RESTRAINT OF ALIENATION
Restrictions placed against the transfer (vesting) or sale of property. Certain restrictions are allowed but must conform to the rule against perpetuities and free right of an owner to sell. For example: Selling on the condition that the grantee could resell only to members of a certain family would be too restrictive and not valid.
RESTRICTION
Most commonly used to describe a use or uses prohibited to the owner of land. Restrictions are set forth by former owners in deeds or in the case of a subdivision, a declaration of restrictions is recorded by the developer. A limitation on use of the property by law (zoning ordinances) may also be termed a restriction.
RESTRICTIVE COVENANT
See: Restriction.
RESUBDIVISION
Subdividing an existing subdivision. (1) Frequently done when the wishes to change the size or shape of the lots. (2) Some states have held that one who buys several properties in the same subdivision (even if already with buildings) must resubdivide before selling. This has been carried to the point of including one who buys two condominiums in the same subdivision. However, a simpler and less costly procedure has been provided in such cases.
RESULTING TRUST
See: Constructive Trust.
RETAINING WALL
A wall used to contain or hold back dirt, water, or other materials of a similar nature.
RETALIATORY EVICTION
Forcing a tenant to vacate as revenge for complaints filed by the tenant against the landlord for failure to adequately maintain the property. Laws prevent retaliatory eviction by forbidding eviction without cause for a specified time period after the complaint.
RETURN OF INVESTMENT
The recovery of invested capital.
RETURN ON INVESTMENT
The profit from invested capital.
REVALUATION
See: Reassessment.
REVALUATION CLAUSE
A clause in a lease calling for a periodic revaluation (appraisal) of the leased property, and subsequent adjustment of rent.
REVENUE STAMPS
Formerly federal tax on sale of real property. Canceled and replaced by state tax stamps. The stamps (similar to postage stamps) are affixed to the conveyancing instrument (deed), or a rubber stamp is used to show the amount of the tax.
REVERSE ANNUITY MORTGAGE
See: Reverse Mortgage.
REVERSE LEVERAGE
See: Negative Leverage.
REVERSE MORTGAGE
A loan, secured by a first mortgage on the borrower's residence, under which the lender makes periodic payments to the borrower which are repaid in one lump sum. The loan is available to senior citizens (62 and over) with FHA insurance. For specific variations see: Combination Advance Reverse Mortgage; Credit Line Reverse Mortgage; Lump Sum Reverse Mortgage; Monthly Advance Reverse Mortgage; Tenure Monthly Advance Reverse Mortgage; Term Monthly Advance Reverse Mortgage.
REVERSION
The right to possession of the residue of an estate in a grantor or successors of a grantor or testator, commencing upon the termination of a particular estate, granted or devised. Example: A grants to B for life, then back to A upon B's death. A has an estate in reversion.
REVERSIONARY INTEREST
An interest held in a reversion (future right to property in possession of another).
REVOCABLE
Capable of being revoked.
REVOKE
To cancel, annul, reverse, take back, etc.
REVOLVING DEBT
Describes an account that a borrower can use without having to apply for each loan. The most common example is a credit card.
RIBBON
(1) A narrow strip; a strip of wood to add support to studs and joists. (2) A driveway consisting of two cement strips, the same distance apart as tires on a car.
RIDER
See: Addendum.
RIDGE
The meeting of the roof rafters of a gable or other roof with two sloping sides.
RIDGEBOARD
The highest horizontal member of a roof, running along the ridge, and receiving the rafters at right angles.
RIGHT OF ANTICIPATION
The right to prepay without penalty. See: Or More Clause.
RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL
See First Refusal Right.
RIGHT OF REDEMPTION
See: Redemption.
RIGHT OF RESCISSION
Laws that allow a borrower (there must be financing involved) to cancel a transaction within three business days after signing the agreement to purchase. It applies to certain real estate and personal property transactions. The borrower need not state a reason for the cancellation.
RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP
The right of a survivor of a deceased person to the property of said deceased. A distinguishing characteristic of a joint tenancy relationship.
RIGHT OF WAY
A strip of land which is used as a roadbed, either for a street or railway. The land is set aside as an easement or in fee, either by agreement or condemnation. May also be used to describe the right itself to pass over the land of another.
RIGHTS
A general term which encompasses those things a person may do unopposed, even though a burden on another occurs, as in the right of a tenant, holder of an easement, etc.
RILL EROSION
Erosion caused by heavy rainfall on freshly cultivated ground, which produces channels in the loose soil.
RIPARIAN
Belonging or relating to the bank of a river or stream. Land within the natural watershed of a river or stream.
RIPARIAN OWNER
One who owns land along the bank of a river or stream.
RIPARIAN RIGHTS
Rights of an owner to riparian lands and water.
RIPARIAN WATER
Water within the normal flow of a stream or river. An abnormal flow (flood) is not riparian water.
RIPRAP
A loosely composed wall of rocks and stones used to hinder the flow of water, thereby preventing erosion.
RISE
The vertical measurement of a slope in relation to its horizontal measurement, such as a rise of three feet vertically over a horizontal distance of fifty feet.
RISER
(1) The vertical board rising from the back of each step in a stairway. (2) A warm air duct rising from a furnace.
RISK
In lending, the chance of being repaid. High risk may result from poor credit, a high loan to value ratio, poor general economic conditions, etc. Generally, the greater the risk, the greater the required return (higher interest rate and points).
RIVER
A large, natural stream of water, which flows in a permanent channel or bed, and may empty into a lake or the sea.
RIVER BED
The land between the banks of a river during its normal course.
RLI
See: Realtors Land Institute.
RM
A designation conferred by the Appraisal Institute upon member appraisers who are qualified to appraise residential properties of one to four units. See also: MAI; SRA; SREA; SRPA.
RNMI
See: Realtors National Marketing Institute
ROAD
(1) A rural travelway for the use of pedestrians and/or vehicles. (2) Any travelway for the use of pedestrians and/or vehicles.
ROCK WOOL
A fibrous insulation material made from molten rock.
ROD
A unit of linear measure equal to 16 1/2 feet.
ROLL ROOFING
An asphalt paper or fiber material, which is used in rolls, being unrolled and fastened to the roof surface, under the shingles.
ROLL-OVER PAPER
Short term notes which may be extended (rolled over) or converted to installment payments, after the initial due date.
ROLLOVER LOAN
A loan which is periodically reviewed, adjusted (usually to reflect current interest rates) and extended. Short term loans can be rolled over into long term loans. The process is by initial agreement or by necessity.
ROMAN BATH
A bathroom constructed to resemble the public baths of ancient Rome. Usually there is a large sunken tub and the use of marble or marble-like tiles as the principal covering of the floors, vanities, etc.
ROMAN BRICK
Brick which shows a narrower face than standard building brick.
ROOF
A general term meaning the top of a building. (See specific types for more detail).
ROOF SHEATHING
See: Sheathing.
ROOM
A fully enclosed section of the interior of a building, having access through a door or doorway. In residential property, rooms are described specifically, such as living room, dining room, etc.
ROOM COUNT
The number of rooms in a residential property. There is no national method of counting but, generally, bathrooms are specified and counted separately.
ROTUNDA
A room or building, shaped in a circle, and usually with a domed roof.
ROW HOUSES
A method of construction of individual houses with common side walls and a common roof. Modernly called townhouses.
ROYALTY
A fraction or percentage of the value of a natural resource (oil, sand, etc.) paid to the owner of the resource by those extracting and selling it.
RPT (REPORTED)
Abbreviation used on many listing forms.
RRM
See: Renegotiable Rate Mortgage.
RULE AGAINST PERPETUITIES
Principle that a property interest is void unless it must vest not later than the remaining time of a life or lives in being, plus gestation time, plus twenty-one years. (The time has been modified by statute and should be checked in each state).
RULE OF 78'S
The Rule of 78's is a commonly used accounting method for allocating interest or insurance charges in a credit transaction. This allocation method assumes that the portion of the total charge contained in each credit installment payment is computed as a direct ratio of the number of the remaining unpaid installments to the sum if the original number of installments.
RUNNING WITH THE LAND
Usually concerned with easements and covenants. Passing with the transfer of the land.
RURAL
Concerning the country, as opposed to urban (concerning the city).
RURAL HOUSING SERVICE (RHS)
An agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that helps rural communities and individuals by providing loans and grants for housing and community facilities. It provides fund-ing for single family homes, apartments for low-income persons or the elderly, housing for farm laborers, childcare centers, fire and police stations, hospitals, libraries, nursing homes, schools and other services.
SAFETY CLAUSE
A clause in a listing protecting the broker from having buyer and seller wait until the listing expires to make a deal, thereby avoiding the payment of commission. The clause states that if the property is sold during a specified period after the expiration of the listing (or any extension thereof) to a buyer provided during the listing period by the broker, the commission shall be paid.
SALARY
A compensation for services, usually paid at specified intervals, and of a set amount.
SALE-LEASEBACK
A sale and subsequent lease from the buyer back to the seller. Although the lease actually follows the sale, both are agreed to as part of the same transaction.
SALES COMPARISON APPROACH
See: Market Data Approach.
SALES CONTRACT
Another name for a sales agreement, purchase agreement, etc. Not to be confused with a land contract, which is a conditional sales contract.
SALES KIT
Materials carried by a salesperson to aid in listings and sales. This is the "tool kit" of real estate, containing forms, maps, tape measure, amortization schedules, pens, paper, etc.
SALES-ASSESSMENT RATIO
The ratio of the assessed value of a property to its selling price, which is presumed to be market value. This shows the percentage of assessed value to market value.
SALES-ASSOCIATE
One who is licensed to work in real estate under a licensed broker.
SALVAGE VALUE
The value of a building or portion of a building to be moved from one location for use at another site. Most often occurs in condemnation, especially for highway purposes, where large areas must be cleared. See also: Scrap Value.
SAM
See: Shared Appreciation Mortgage.
SANDWICH BEAM
See Flitch Beam.
SANDWICH LEASE
A lease between the primary lease and the lease to the user or party in possession.
SANITARY SEWER
A sewer carrying waste products, as opposed to rainwater. See also: Storm Sewer.
SARA
See: Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act.
SASH
Wood or metal framing around a door or window opening.
SATELLITE CITIES
A concept designed to stop urban sprawl to the suburbs. The satellite city leaves an undeveloped area between itself and a major city, rather than the gradual expansion of the major city. Satellite cities must be self-contained in order to be effective.
SATELLITE TENANT
A tenant in a shopping center that is not a major or anchor tenant. The satellite tenant depends on the major tenant or tenants to attract people to the center.
SATISFACTION
Discharge of an obligation by payment of the amount due, as on a mortgage, trust deed, or contract: or payment of a debt awarded, such as satisfaction of a judgment. Also the recorded instrument stating said payment has been made.
SATURATION ZONE
The layer of ground which serves as a reservoir, feeding springs, wells and streams, rather than feeding vegetation or evaporating. Below the aeration zone.
SAVING CLAUSE
See: Mortgage Saving Clause; Listing Saving Clause.
SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION
Originally an association chartered to hold savings and make real estate loans. Federally insured and regulated. Active in long term financing rather than construction loans. Recent changes in federal controls have enabled these associations to offer checking accounts, consumer loans, and other services traditionally offered by banks.
SAW-TOOTH ROOF
A series of shingle pitched roofs resembling the sharp edge of a saw. Usually used in factories and contains windows in each facing to allow maximum lighting. Not used in modern construction.
SBA (SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION)
A federal agency authorized to make loans to small businesses, including loans for land purchase and construction.
SCALE
Used in maps, blueprints, and other diagrams where the drawing represents a large area. Example: One inch on a road map may equal ten miles actual distance. This ratio is the scale.
SCANTLING LUMBER
Boards used in construction which are from 2" to 6" and 8" or less wide.
SCOPE OF AUTHORITY
The authority of an agent to bind a principal. An agent may bind a principal not only when the agent has actual authority, but also implied or apparent authority.
SCORING MODEL
A formula used to determine the "score" (credit worthiness) of a borrower. See also: FICO SCORE.
SCRAP VALUE
The value of a building or part of a building based on the value of the material alone, and not its function. Example: Plumbing for the melted down value of the metal, walls for the value of the bricks, wood, etc. See also: Salvage Value.
SCRATCH COAT
A term used in wet plastering, meaning the first coat applied to the lath.
SCRIBING
Cutting wood precisely to fit an area. The term is used because the carpenter marks (scribes) before he makes his cut.
SEA LEVEL
The level of the sea, at mean tide.
SEAL(S)
A physical impression made on a document to attest to a signature. Most common are corporate seal and notary seal.
SEARCH
See: Title Search.
SEASONED
A term referring to a land contract or mortgage, indicating that payments have been made regularly over a period of time, and that the contract or mortgage is not a new one.
SEC (SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION)
The federal agency which regulates the stock market. It gets involved in real estate when the real estate development is one which sells shares.
SECOND
See: Degree (1).
SECOND FOOT
A measure of water; a flow of one cubic foot per second (almost seven and one half gallons).
SECOND GROWTH
In lumbering, the trees of a forest which grow after the original stand has been cut or otherwise destroyed.
SECOND HOME
A home that is not the primary residence of the owner but is not a rental property.
SECOND MORTGAGE
A mortgage which ranks after a first mortgage in priority. Properties may have two, three, or more mortgages, deeds of trust, or land contracts, as liens at the same time. Legal priority would determine whether they are called a first, second, third, etc. lien.
SECONDARY FINANCING
A loan secured by a mortgage or trust deed, which lien is junior (secondary) to another mortgage or trust deed.
SECONDARY LOCATION
A location not considered the best (prime) for the purpose intended.
SECONDARY MORTGAGE MARKET
The buying and selling of first mortgages or trust deeds by banks, insurance companies, government agencies, and other mortgagees. This enables lenders to keep an adequate supply of money for new loans. The mortgages may be sold at full value (par) or above, but are usually sold at a discount. The secondary mortgage market should not be confused with second mortgages.
SECTION
A division or parcel of land on a government survey, comprising one square mile (640 acres). Thirty-six sections comprise a township.
SECTION 1031
The trading of one property for another rather than a sale of property and purchase of another. The actual transaction may involve a sale and repurchase but if done according to the requirements of IRS Section1031, it is treated as a trade. The taxpayer pays no tax on the transaction if no profit (boot) is made.
SECTION 8 HOUSING
A government subsidized program under which low income tenants pay a portion of their rent and the government pays the balance. Landlords must place their property in the program and agree to certain restrictions on rent amounts and increases as well as eviction procedures.
SECURED LOAN
A loan offering the lender more than just the borrower's promise to repay. In real estate terms, a mortgage loan.
SECURED PARTY
Mortgagee, beneficiary (under a deed of trust), pledgee, or any other party having a security interest.
SECURITY
Real or personal property pledged or hypothecated by a borrower, as additional protection for the lender's interest.
SECURITY (INSTALLMENT) LAND CONTRACT
A form once used in California which combines a land contract with a deed of trust, creating a land contract in order to defeat a first lender's "due-on sale" (alienation) clause but having the foreclosure provisions of a deed of trust.
SECURITY AGREEMENT
A "catch all" term used to describe many different types of debtor- creditor relationships, such as a chattel mortgage, trust receipt, inventory liens, etc.
SECURITY DEPOSIT
Commonly a deposit of money by a tenant to a landlord to secure performance of a written or oral rental agreement.
SECURITY INSTRUMENT
The mortgage or trust deed that secures the promise to repay under the note. The instrument hypothecates real property as collateral security for repayment.
SECURITY INTEREST
The interest of the creditor (secured party) created by a security agreement.
SEDIMENT
Any matter which settles to the bottom in a liquid. See also: Sedimentary Rock.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
One of the three major classifications of rocks. Rocks formed from sediment, such as suspension in water. Sandstones, limestones, and shales, are some examples.
SEED MONEY
A general term describing any initial funds used to begin a project. Usually not the major source or amount of the funds necessary to complete the project.
SEISEN (SEIZIN)
Originally the completion of feudal investiture, it has come to mean possession under a legal right (usually a fee interest).
SEISIN (SEIZIN)
An optional speling of existing definition, which is spelled seisen (seizen).
SELF HELP
Remedy allowing one party to act against another without use of court marshalls or police. Example: A landlord who evicts a tenant by simply moving the tenant's belongings out and changing the locks. Self help remedies have greatly decreased in recent years.
SELF-SUPPORTING WALLS
Walls which support only their own weight. Not load-bearing.
SELLER FINANCING
See: Purchase Money Mortgage.
SELLER TAKE BACK MORTGAGE
See: Purchase Money Mortgage (1).
SELLER'S MARKET
A situation favoring a seller. In real estate, when there are more interested buyers than available properties.
SELLING AGENT
The real estate agent obtaining the buyer rather than listing the property. The listing and selling agent may be the same person or company.
SEMI
A prefix meaning partly; one half, or twice in a time period. For example: A semicircle is one half of a circle; semiannual is twice in one year. See also: Bi.
SEMICIRCULAR ROOF
A roof resembling an extended arch. Usually found on barns or barracks type buildings.
SENIOR MORTGAGE
The mortgage with higher priority than the mortgage to which it is compared. Example: A first (in time) mortgage would be senior to a second (in time) mortgage. A second mortgage senior to a third. The priority can change by subordination, making a second mortgage senior to a first, a third senior to a first or second, etc.
SEPARATE PROPERTY
Property owned by a husband or wife in which the other has no legal ownership interest.
SEPIA
A master of a construction plan, from which prints are made. Called a sepia because of its brown color.
SEPTIC SYSTEM
A sewage system, whereby waste is drained through pipes and a tile field into a septic tank. Found in areas where city or county sewers have not yet been installed.
SEPTIC TANK
An underground tank into which a sanitary sewer drains from a building. The sewage is held until bacterial action changes the solids into liquids or gases, which are then released into the ground.
SEQUESTRATION, WRIT OF
The taking custody of one's property (real or personal) to force compliance with a court order.
SERVICE
Notice given to one by delivery of a writ, subpoena, injunction, etc., by one duly authorized, giving notice to the person served of some court action or other proceeding with which he or she is involved (as defendant, witness, etc.
SERVICE INDUSTRY
An industry which sells the knowledge or work of its people, rather than a tangible product. Example: A real estate broker is paid for his service. The product (property) does not belong to the broker.
SERVICE LINE
The gas or water line which runs from the main line (usually at the street) to each property to be served.
SERVICE ROAD
A road running alongside a limited access highway, for use by abutting owners, and as a transition road from the highway to local streets. Also called a frontage road.
SERVICE STATION
A place where gasoline and other automobile products and services are sold. A gas station.
SERVICING
See: Mortgage Servicing.
SERVICING AGENT
The person or entity that collects payments and performs other functions for the holder of a loan.
SERVIENT TENEMENT
An estate burdened with a servitude. Most commonly a parcel of land burdened by an easement. See also: Easement Appurtenant; Easement in Gross.
SERVITUDE
In relation to easements, "easements" refer to the advantage of the dominant tenement, while "servitude" describes the burden of the servient tenement.
SET BACK ORDINANCE
Part of a zoning ordinance. Regulates the distance from the lot line to the point where improvements may be constructed.
SET-OFF
(1) A construction term relating to the reduction of the thickness of a wall, or any recess or sunken panel of the wall. (2) A legal term meaning a counter demand to a claim. In condemnation, the benefits to the remaining property in a partial taking may in some jurisdictions be "set-off" against the value of the land taken. Example: part of land taken for a freeway; residue now more valuable because of freeway. Increased value is "set-off" against value of land taken.
SETTLEMENT STATEMENT
A statement prepared by broker, escrow, or lender, giving a complete breakdown of costs involved in a real estate sale. A separate statement is prepared for the seller and buyer.
SETTLING
The compaction of the soil by the weight of a newly built structure. If severe, cracks in the structure may result.
SETTLOR
One who creates a trust.
SEVERALTY
An estate in severalty is property held by one person alone.
SEVERANCE
Partition or separation.
SEVERANCE DAMAGE
Damage to the remaining property in condemnation, caused by the partial taking and subsequent construction of the road, building, or other use for which the taking took place.
SEWAGE
Liquid or solid waste material of humans, animals, or industry.
SEWER
A pipe or other conduit, generally underground, which carries either waste materials or water from rainfall or melting snow to a point of disposal.
SHAKE
To split or crack wood.
SHAKE SHINGLE
Shingle composed of split wood. Used as a roofing or siding material.
SHARE CROP
Crop raised by a tenant farmer who gives a portion of the crop to the landlord as rent.
SHARE CROPPER
One who farms as a tenant, sharing his crop with the owner as payment of rent.
SHARED APPRECIATION
The gaining or retaining of equity in a property by someone other than the buyer. For example: the seller retains a 25% interest in the property. This makes the buyer responsible for only 75% of the purchase price and therefore, lowers the necessary financing by 25%. This obviously makes the property more affordable. By agreement, expenses are shared as well as any increase in value when the property is sold.
SHARED APPRECIATION MORTGAGE (SAM)
A financing arrangement under which the lender offers a lower interest rate in return for a percentage of the appreciation (profit) when the property is sold.
SHAREHOLDER
Commonly, one who owns stock (shares) in a corporation.
SHEATHING
The covering over the outside studs (or rafters) of a roof. May be wallboard, plywood, etc.
SHEET EROSION
The loss of soil in even amounts over a given area, through the action of water.
SHELTER BELT
A row of trees planted so as to shelter a building from severe weather conditions. Usually found in open areas which receive heavy snowfall.
SHERIFF'S DEED
Deed given at sheriff's sale in foreclosure of mortgage. The giving of said deed begins a statutory redemption period. Also given at court ordered sale, pursuant to the execution of a judgment.
SHERIFF'S SALE
A procedure in foreclosure that deeds the property to the sheriff and begins the redemption period.
SHINGLES
Roof or wall surfacing of overlapping small sheets of wood, slate, tile, asphalt, or other waterproof material.
SHOE
A trim molding, covering the juncture of baseboard and floor.
SHOPPING CENTER
A general term, covering a number of types of clustered retail stores with common parking and ownership or management. (See specific shopping centers: Strip; Neighborhood; Community; Regional).
SHORE LINE
The lands alongside navigable waterways, between the high and low water marks.
SHORING
(1) The use of timbers to prevent cave-in during excavation by placing them against the walls of the excavation. (2) Any temporary bracing to support loads during construction.
SHORT FORM DOCUMENT
A document which refers either to another document not of record containing the total agreement, or incorporates by reference a document of record.
SHORT FUSE MORTGAGE
A slang term describing a short term note and mortgage calling for a balloon payment. (See: Balloon Note).
SHORT SALE
A sale of property which includes some forgiveness of debt by the lender under a mortgage or trust deed. The amount of debt forgiven may be considered income to the seller and taxable.
SHORT TERM CAPITAL GAIN
Profit from the sale of a capital asset not held long enough to qualify as a long term capital gain. Taxed as ordinary income.
SHORT TERM LEASE
A general term, indicating a lease under five years in some states, under ten years in others.
SHOULDER
The land adjacent to the travel lanes of a road, used for vehicles having difficulty. May be paved or unpaved.
SIDE DITCH
A ditch running alongside a highway to carry off excess rainfall. May be paved, contain portions of large metal or clay pipe, or simply be of dirt or grass.
SIDING
(1) A surfacing for exterior walls, such as wood siding, aluminum, asphalt, etc. (2) A railroad track connected to a main track, and used for storage of cars, passing of trains, or other reasons to clear the main track.
SIGN
An advertisement placed on a property showing that the property is available for "sale", "lease", "exchange", etc. Signs have been shown by studies to be the second best advertising in terms of attracting buyers, only slightly behind classified newspaper advertising. Many local governments restrict signs as to size and location on the property.
SIGNATURE
The Uniform Commercial Code defines a signature as any mark made with present intention to authenticate a writing. Company policy of banks, for example, or local governmental offices, such as the county recorder, may have stricter requirements.
SIGNED, SEALED, AND DELIVERED
A phase indicating that everything necessary to convey has been done by the grantor. Modernly, signed and delivered are still necessary, but the only seals commonly used are by governments, corporations, and notaries.
SILL
The lowest member of a frame (usually wood or metal), which supports the uprights of a frame. Most commonly used to describe the lowest horizontal member of an opening, such as a door sill or window sill.
SILO
Generally, a tall, cylindrical structure, used for storage of corn, etc.
SIMPLE INTEREST
Interest computed on principal alone, as opposed to compound interest.
SIMULTANEOUS ISSUE
A simultaneous issuance by a title insurance company of policies insuring both an owner and a lender. The lender's policy is issued at a reduced rate.
SINGLE
(1) One who has never been married. (2) Commonly, one who is not married, but may have been married.
SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE
A general term originally used to distinguish a house designed for use by one family from an apartment house. More recently, used to distinguish a house with no common area from a planned development or condominium.
SINGLE PITCH ROOF
A roof pitched entirely at the same angle, usually over 20 degrees.
SINGLE PURPOSE PROPERTY
See: Special Purpose Property.
SINKING FUND
A fund (often invested) which will be used to replace improvements as needed. Most commonly set aside from the income of income producing property.
SINKING FUND METHOD OF DEPRECIATION
A process of recovering the value of an asset by setting up a sinking fund.
SITE
(1) A general term signifying a plot of land suitable or set aside for any specific use. (2) Land which has undergone site development and is no longer raw land. See: Site Development; Raw Land.
SITE ANALYSIS
The study of a specific parcel of land (and the surrounding area) to determine its suitability for a specific use.
SITE DEVELOPMENT
All improvements made to a site before a building may be constructed, such as grading, utility installation, etc.
SITUS
Location, place.
SKELETON
The frame, especially the supporting parts.
SKIN
A construction term, meaning the outer covering of a building.
SKY LEASE
A lease of air space above a parcel of land. A structure which is cantilevered or a bridge can be used in such a lease.
SKYLIGHT
A window in a roof or ceiling.
SLAB
(1) A concrete floor used as a foundation in homes without a basement. (2) Any concrete floor, even if an upper story.
SLANDER OF TITLE
The making of malicious, untrue statements, regarding one's title or interest in property. The statements must be made to a third party and must cause injury to the party against whom the statements are made.
SLANT DRILLING
A method of drilling for oil or gas from adjoining property when surface rights have not been granted. See also: Subsurface Rights; Surface Rights.
SLIDING WINDOW
See: Traverse Window.
SLIP
A place between two piers or docks, where a boat is kept.
SLOPE
The angle of a grade as measured from a level surface.
SMALL CLAIMS COURT
A court having limited jurisdiction to hear cases up to a statutory limit. Cases are heard quickly, attorneys are usually not allowed unless a party to the action, and most cases are decided on fairness rather than fine legal points.
SNOW FENCE
A portable barrier placed along the side of a road to prevent snow from drifting onto the road.
SOCIETY OF INDUSTRIAL AND OFFICE REALTORS (SIOR)
An international organization which is an affiliate of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS. Its members specialize in the field of industrial and office real estate.
SOFFIT
The undersurface of an arch, overhang, stairway, or other such part of a building.
SOFT COSTS
See: Indirect Construction Costs.
SOFT MARKET
See: Buyer's Market.
SOFTWOOD
Wood such as pine or fir, as distinguished from hardwood such as maple or oak. In construction, especially in flooring, softwoods and plywoods have become more popular because they cost less than the traditional hardwood flooring.
SOIL
The top layer of earth in which plants grow and through which water drains.
SOIL BANK
A federal program of conservation, under which farmers are paid for not growing crops, or growing non-commercial vegetation, in order to preserve the quality of the soil, as well as to avoid surpluses.
SOIL EROSION
See: Erosion.
SOIL MAP
A map showing the different types of soil in a given area.
SOIL PIPE
A sanitary sewer pipe, from a building to the sewer main.
SOIL PROFILE
A vertical cross-section showing the different horizons (layers) of the Earth's surface.
SOLAR HEATING
Heating by use and control of the energy of the sun.
SOLE PLATE
The plate on which the studs rest. Usually a two by four, laid horizontally at floor level.
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
Individual ownership of a business as opposed to a partnership or corporation.
SOLVENT
(1) Financially able to meet one's current debts. (2) A liquid used to dissolve a substance, usually to remove it.
SOUND VALUE
A synonym for depreciated costs. Used in fire insurance evaluation. Depreciation due to use up to the time of a fire.
SPACE DESIGN
The planning of interior space of a building to meet the needs of the user. Involves a layout and construction drawings. There are companies which specialize in space design, from construction to color coordination. Need not be architects.
SPACE HEATER
See: Heater.
SPAN
The spread (distance) between load-bearing members, such as walls or girders.
SPANDREL
(1) The triangular space between the exterior curve of an arch and the enclosing right angle above it. (2) The triangular space beneath the string of a stair. (3) The space between the top framing of a window to the bottom framing of a window above it.
SPANDREL STEP
A step, such as in a circular staircase, which is triangular in shape.
SPANDREL WALL
A wall which fills the spandrel space of an arch.
SPANISH ARCHITECTURE
Copying the houses of Spain and Mexico, a home with a courtyard, tiled roof, and usually constructed of adobe or stucco.
SPEC HOUSE
See: Speculative Building.
SPECIAL ASSESSMENT
Lien assessed against real property by a public authority to pay costs of public improvements (sidewalks, sewers, street lights, etc.), which directly benefits the assessed property.
SPECIAL BENEFITS
Benefits to the remaining property after a partial taking by eminent domain.
SPECIAL FORBEARANCE
A repayment plan by a lender based on an adverse change in the borrower's financial situation. It may provide for a temporary reduction or suspension of payments. A borrower may qualify if he/she has recently experienced a reduction in income or an increase in living expenses. The borrower must furnish information to the lender to show the ability to meet the requirements of the new payment plan.
SPECIAL PARTNER
A limited partner. See also: Limited Partnership.
SPECIAL POWER
See: Power of Attorney (2).
SPECIAL PURPOSE PROPERTY
A building which, by its design, cannot be used for other than the original purpose intended, without extensive remodeling, such as a hospital or church. Also called a single purpose property.
SPECIAL USE PERMIT
A permit given by the appropriate government authority for a use not ordinarily permitted by zoning laws.
SPECIAL WARRANTY DEED
An instrument used to convey title under which the grantor accepts liability for defects in title only during the time the grantor owned the property. It is not necessary if title insurance is purchased and is not used in many states.
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE
An action to compel the performance of a contract, when money damages for breach would not be satisfactory.
SPECIFICATIONS
Written, detailed, drawings which show a contractor how to proceed with construction, whether in new construction or remodeling.
SPECULATIVE BUILDING
A building constructed for sale but without having a buyer before construction begins.
SPECULATIVE LAND
Land purchased for resale rather than for use.
SPECULATOR
One who buys property, not for his use, but with only the intent to sell at a profit.
SPENDABLE INCOME
Net income after taxes.
SPENDTHRIFT TRUST
A trust created to give an income to the beneficiary while protecting the principal from the beneficiary and creditors of the beneficiary. The beneficiary may, therefore, not be able to sell or encumber the trust property.
SPITE FENCE
A fence built for the purpose of causing a problem for one's neighbor. May ruin the view, make access of a vehicle difficult, etc., or simply be ugly.
SPLIT-LEVEL HOUSE
A house with different levels, none of which is a complete story higher than another.
SPLIT-RATE
Capitalization rate applied separately to land and improvements, to determine the value of each.
SPOT ZONING
A method of zoning which places a parcel or parcels of land under a different zoning than the surrounding area. Also used to describe zoning without a master plan.
SPOUSE
One's husband or wife.
SPREADER DAM
A dam built in such a way as to divert water to either side, thus causing the water to spread over a given area.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
(1) When used in reference to residential property, a system of pipes under a lawn, used for watering the grass. (2) In commercial or industrial property, a system of pipes and valves in the ceiling, sensitive to ambient temperatures, which automatically sprinkles water or a chemical in case of fire.
SPUR TRACK
A segment of railroad track, connected at only one end to a main track, which services an industrial building or buildings.
SQUARE
A unit of measurement in roofing or siding, 10' X 10' (100 sq. ft.)
SQUARE FOOT
The area contained by boundaries of 1 foot long and 1 foot wide. There are 9 square feet in 1 square yard.
SQUARE FOOT COST
The cost of a square foot of floor space of a building or of land.
SQUARE FOOT METHOD
Determining the replacement cost of a building by finding the cost per square foot of comparable buildings and multiplying by the number of square feet of the subject property.
SQUARE YARD
The area contained by boundaries of 1 yard long and 1 yard wide. There are 9 square feet in 1 square yard.
SQUATTER
One who lives on another's land without authority or claim of a right to possession. The land may either be private or public.
SQUATTER'S RIGHTS
Commonly confused with adverse possession. A squatter has no ownership rights and cannot, under the definition of a squatter, acquire any since he claims no interest adverse to the owner.
SRA
A designation conferred by the Appraisal institute upon member appraisers qualified to appraise one to four residential units, including townhouses. See also: MAI; RM; SREA; SRPA.
SREA
A designation conferred by the Appraisal Institute upon members qualified in real estate appraisal and analysis, as well as giving investment advice. See also: MAI; RM; SRA; SRPA.
SRPA
A designation conferred by the Appraisal Institute upon member appraisers who are qualified to appraise all types of real estate. See also: MAI; RM; SRA; SREA.
STAIN
An oil paint used to coat wood, which has little thickness or gloss.
STAND CRUISE
See: Cruise.
STANDARD COVERAGE POLICY
A title insurance policy used in several states, not having as broad a coverage as the nationally recognized American Land Title Association (A.L.T.A.) policies.
STANDARD DEPTH
Depth of a lot considered to be the normal depth for appraisal purposes. Traditionally, one hundred feet for a residential lot.
STANDARD PARALLELS
East-West survey lines, establishing township boundaries at twenty- four mile intervals, and correcting inaccuracies in the government survey, due to the curvature of the Earth.
STANDBY COMMITMENT
A commitment to issue a loan, usually for a term of one to five years, after completion of construction, in the event a permanent loan cannot be obtained. The standby loan is usually at a higher interest rate than a permanent loan, and a standby fee is charged.
STANDING LOAN
A loan requiring interest payments only, the principal being paid in full at maturity.
STANDING TIMBER
Timber still uncut. Trees.
START CARD
A file card used as a record of the opening of an escrow. It lists the date the escrow opened, escrow number, name of escrow officer, names of parties to the escrow, lender, title company, legal description of property, consideration, and type of transaction (sale, loan, etc.).
START RATE
The beginning interest rate on an adjustable rate loan. It may be much lower than the actual interest rate and only last for a few months. Also called the Teaser Rate.
STARTER
A copy of the last policy issued by a title insurer, which describes the condition of title to land upon which a new policy is to be written. In some states this is furnished to an attorney for his opinion as to the condition of title, and is called a back title letter or back title certificate.
STARTER HOME
1. The first home purchased by that buyer. 2. A discrete description of a home that is small and not in good condition or without desirable amenities.
STARTS
Units on which construction has begun.
STATE ROAD
A highway under the control of the state, which may eliminate it if desired, as opposed to a federal (interstate) highway.
STATEMENT OF IDENTITY
See: Statement of Information.
STATEMENT OF INFORMATION
A confidential form filled out by buyer and seller to help a title company determine if any liens are recorded against either. Very helpful when people with common names are involved. Also called a statement of identity.
STATUTE
A law which comes from a legislative body. A written law, rather than law established by court cases
STATUTE OF FRAUDS
State laws, requiring certain contracts to be in writing. All contracts for the sale of real property must be in writing. Leases (personal property) for more than one year must be in writing.
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
A law which limits the bringing of a court action (civil or criminal) to within a specified period of time.
STATUTORY DEDICATION
The giving of private land for public use under a procedure dictated by statute.
STATUTORY LIEN
An involuntary lien (created by law rather than by contract). Includes tax liens, mechanic's liens, etc.
STATUTORY NOTICE
Notice given by legislative enactment (laws or statutes).
STATUTORY REDEMPTION PERIOD
See: Redemption Period.
STATUTORY RESERVE
Reserves of funds which must be kept by banks, savings and loans, insurance companies, and like businesses, to insure their ability to meet demands for funds in their course of business.
STEP-RATE MORTGAGE
See: Graduated Payment Mortgage
STEP-UP LEASE (GRADED LEASE)
A lease calling for set increases in rent at set intervals.
STICK BUILT CONSTRUCTION
The traditional and most expensive method of building. The structure is built on site. See also: Manufactured Home.
STICK BUILT HOME
A structure built entirely on the site, as opposed to one that is built in a factory and assembled at the site (manufactured).
STIRPES
See: Per Stirpes.
STOCK COOPERATIVE
A type of common interest development under which a corporation owns the development, and shares of stock and the exclusive right to occupy are issued as a method of conveying ownership of the units.
STOCK COOPERATIVE MORTGAGE
A mortgage covering all of a cooperative apartment building or an individual unit of such. See: Cooperative apartment.
STORM SASH (STORM WINDOW)
An extra window on the outside of an existing window, as additional protection against cold weather.
STORM SEWER
A sewer carrying off rainwater. May also carry off industrial waste, such as chemicals, although many areas now forbid this.
STRAIGHT LEASE (FLAT LEASE)
A lease calling for the same amount of rent to be paid periodically (usually monthly) for the entire term of the lease.
STRAIGHT LINE DEPRECIATION
A method of replacing the capital investment of income property, by reducing the value of the property by a set amount annually from the income, over the economic life of the property.
STRAIGHT NOTE
A promise to repay a loan, signed by the debtor and containing the date executed, amount owing and to whom, date due (or on demand), rate of interest and how it is payable. A straight note is not amortized.
STRAIGHT-TERM MORTGAGE
A mortgage calling for principal to be paid in a lump sum at maturity.
STRAW MAN
One who acts for another, not openly, but as a principal to hide the identity of the party for whom acting.
STREAM
Any water course, including a river, brook, channel, etc.
STREET
A general term which includes any urban road, usually paved.
STREET ADDRESS
The number and name of the street (road, drive, avenue, etc.), the town or city, the state and zip code. Not acceptable on a deed, for example, for purposes of recording. The more technical description by lot and tract, sectional property description or metes and bounds is required.
STREET IMPROVEMENT BONDS
Interest bearing bonds, issued by a local government, to secure assessments for street improvements. The owners of the property assessed may pay in a lump sum or pay installments on the bonds, including interest.
STREET IMPROVEMENTS
Improvements connected with a street, such as paving, sidewalks, curbs, etc.
STRESS
The pressure of weight against a structural member. Materials are tested to determine the amount of stress they may hold before bending or breaking.
STRICT FORECLOSURE
See: Judicial Foreclosure.
STRICT LIABILITY
Liability which does not require a finding of fault (negligence). Classic examples for land use are dynamiting and keeping wild animals. Modernly used in environmental contamination cases.
STRINGPIECE
A heavy timber used as a horizontal support for cross members.
STRINGS
The sides which support stair treads.
STRIP CENTER
Any shopping area, generally with common parking, comprised of a row of stores. Usually does not contain major department stores or grocery chain stores.
STRUCTURAL LUMBER
Lumber used for its strength, 2" X 4" or greater.
STRUCTURE
Any man-made building or edifice.
STRUT
A construction member, usually wood, placed between other members to support a load vertically, or pressure horizontally.
STUCCO
A wet plaster finish, specifically designed for exterior use, very poplar as an outside wall surface in warm, dry areas.
STUDS (STUDDING)
Vertical supports (wood or metal) in walls and partitions.
SUBBASE
The base under a slab or roadway, usually of crushed rock, sand, and gravel.
SUBCHAPTER S CORPORATION
An entity receiving the protection of the corporate form, but being taxed as an individual.
SUBCONTRACTOR
One who works under a general contractor (builder), such as an electrical contractor, cement contractor, etc.
SUBDIVIDER
See: Developer.
SUBDIVISION
Commonly, a division of a single parcel of land into smaller parcels (lots) by filing a map describing the division, and obtaining approval by a governmental commission (city or county). The exception is a condominium, which is sometimes called a "one lot subdivision".
SUBDIVISION MAP
A map submitted by a subdivider to the proper governmental body for approval in order to establish a subdivision. When the map is approved and recorded, it becomes the basis for the legal description of the subdivision.
SUBFLOOR
Underflooring laid on joists, over which finish flooring is laid.
SUBJACENT SUPPORT
The right of an owner to have the surface of his land supported by the land under it, so that it does not collapse. Work on adjoining land (mining, excavating, etc.) could cause this problem. See also: Lateral Support.
SUBJECT TO CLAUSE
A clause in a deed, stating that the grantee takes title "subject to" an existing mortgage. The original mortgagor is alone responsible for any deficiency, should there be foreclosure of the mortgage. Differs from an "assumption" clause, whereby the grantee "assumes" and agrees to pay the existing mortgage.
SUBLEASE
A lease, under which the lessor is the lessee of a prior lease of the same property. The sublease may be different in terms from the original lease but cannot contain a greater interest. Example: A leases to B for 5 years. B may sublease to C for 3 years, but not for 6 years. See also: Assignment of Lease.
SUBLESSEE
The lessee under a sublease.
SUBLESSOR
The lessor under a sublease.
SUBLET
To create a lease under which the lessee of a prior lease is the lessor.
SUBORDINATE
To make subject or junior to.
SUBORDINATE FINANCING
Any loan below (subordinate to) a first mortgage.
SUBORDINATION AGREEMENT
An agreement by which an encumbrance is made subject (junior) to a junior encumbrance. For example: A loan on vacant land is made subject to a subsequent construction loan.
SUBPOENA
A legal process (writ) used to require the appearance of a person or documents into court.
SUBROGATION
The substitution of one person for another, so that the former may exercise certain rights or claims of the latter. Used primarily when a surety relationship exists, as in insurance.
SUBSCRIBE
To write under or below. To sign at the end of a document.
SUBSIDENCE
Settling of the ground surface from loss of support in the ground beneath. May be caused by mining, lowering of the water table, etc.
SUBSIDIZED SECOND MORTGAGE
A subordinate loan issued to a select group such as firefighters, police, teachers or low income borrowers. It may be issued by a state or local government agency or by a nonprofit organization. The mortgage has a low interest rate and may even be forgiven under certain circumstances. Also called a Community Second Mortgage.
SUBSIDY
A grant to aid in any work or enterprise, or to reduce the cost of a product. The federal government, for example, aids certain low income families by subsidizing rental payments.
SUBSTITUTION
The principle in appraisal holding that a buyer will not pay more for property than the price of available similar (substitute) property.
SUBSTITUTION OF TRUSTEE
A document which is recorded to change the trustee under a deed of trust. A simple procedure in some states;more regulated in others.
SUBSTRUCTURE
That portion of a building below ground or grade; which is the foundation for the superstructure.
SUBSURFACE EASEMENT
See: Subsurface Rights.
SUBSURFACE RIGHTS
The rights, whether by fee or easement, to oil, gas, or minerals, below a certain depth beneath the surface of land. The right of surface entry may or may not be excluded, and is important to the value of the surface land for improvement purposes. See also: Slant Drilling.
SUBURBAN
The area around a city. Usually residential with small businesses, although modernly an attraction for large industrial and commercial complexes.
SUCCESSION
The passing of real property by will or inheritance, rather than by grant deed or any other form of purchase.
SUITE
A group of rooms in a hotel, rented as one unit. Usually contains a minimum of one bedroom, a sitting room, and bathroom.
SUMP
A pit or similar storage area in a basement for collecting drained liquid waste.
SUMP PUMP
A pump used to force the collected liquids from a sump.
SUPERFUND
The federal program created by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liabilities Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. The program carries out the Environmental Protection Agency's purpose to identify and carry out or supervise the cleanup of contaminated sites. See also: Hazard Ranking System; National Priorities List.
SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND REAUTHORIZATION ACT
1986 federal legislation which reauthorized the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). Additions in the 1986 act include the Innocent Landowners Defense.
SUPERSTRUCTURE
That portion of a building above ground which is supported by the substructure.
SUPPLEMENTAL ABSTRACT
An abstract covering a search of the public records between given dates.
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
The economic theory that when supply exceeds demand, prices fall, and when demand exceeds supply, prices rise.
SUPPORT
See: Lateral Support; Subjacent Support.
SURETY
One who voluntarily binds himself to be obligated for the debt or obligation of another. For example: A co-maker of a note; an insurance carrier. Surety differs from guarantor, although commonly (and mistakenly) used interchangeably.
SURFACE RIGHTS
The rights (easements) to use the surface of land, including the right to drill or mine through the surface when subsurface rights are involved.
SURFACE WATER
Water caused by precipitation, which spreads over land and stays on the surface (a swamp) or percolates through the ground.
SURRENDER
The giving up of an estate, such as a lease. A contractual agreement, having the consent of both parties, such as lessor and lessee, as opposed to abandonment.
SURVEY
The measurement of the boundaries of a parcel of land, its area, and sometimes its topography.
SURVIVORSHIP
Gaining an interest in property by outliving (surviving) another who had the interest.
SWALE
A low-lying area in otherwise level ground.
SWAMP
Soft, wet land, usually containing heavy vegetation and under water much of the time.
SWEAT EQUITY
The substitution of a borrower's (buyer's) work to improve the property for the usual cash down payment.
SWING LOAN
An interim loan made so that the borrower may purchase property during a pending sale of borrower's property. The proceeds from the sale are then used to pay off the swing loan.
SYNAGOGUE
Meaning "to bring together", it is a building where Jews assemble to worship.
SYNDICATE
An association of individuals, formed for the purpose of carrying on some particular business venture in which the members are mutually interested.
T-BILLS
See: Treasury Bills.
TACKING
(1) Annexing a lien to one superior to it in order to gain the priority of the superior lien and defeat an intermediate lien. Generally not allowed. (2) Annexing periods of possession to add up to enough time for successful adverse possession. For example: A begins adverse possession. A dies and A's son takes up possession, adding A's time to his own. Not always allowed.
TAH (TARGETED AFFORDABLE HOUSING)
See: Multifamily Affordable Housing.
TAKE OUT COMMITMENT
Agreement by a lender to place a long term (take out) loan on real property after completion of construction.
TAKE OUT LOAN
The "permanent" (long term) financing of real estate after completion of construction.
TAKING
As a legal term, it is used to describe acquisition such as taking by will; it is most commonly used as a real estate term to mean acquisition by eminent domain.
TALUS
Rocks at the foot of a hill or other slope, which accumulate by sliding or rolling down the slope from the action of wind, rain, and gravity.
TANDEM PLAN
A method of keeping home financing active by the purchase of mortgages by GNMA (Government National Mortgage Association) at face value (par), for resale to FNMA (Federal National Mortgage Association), a private corporation, at a discount.
TANGIBLE PROPERTY
See: Corporeal Property.
TANGIBLE VALUE
Value in appraisal of the physical value (land, buildings, etc.), as opposed to the value of an intangible, such as a favorable lease.
TARGETED AFFORDABLE HOUSING
See: Multifamily Affordable Housing
TAX AND INSURANCE ESCROW
See: Impound Account.
TAX BASE
The assessed valuation of real property, which is multiplied by the tax rate to determine the amount of tax due.
TAX BOOK
See: Tax Roll.
TAX BRACKET
The percentage of income tax which one pays, based on graduated tax tables.
TAX DEED
(1) Deed from tax collector to governmental body after a period of non-payment of taxes according to statute. (2) Deed to a purchaser at a public sale of land taken for delinquent taxes. The purchaser receives only such title as the former owners had, and strict procedures must be followed to prevent attachment of prior liens.
TAX DEFERRED EXCHANGE
The trading of one property for another rather than a sale of property and purchase of another. The actual transaction may involve a sale and repurchase but if done according to the requirements of IRS Section1031, it is treated as a trade. The taxpayer pays no tax on the transaction if no profit (boot) is made.
TAX DISTRICT
An area over which a governmental body has authority to levy property taxes; may contain one or more assessment districts.
TAX ESCROWS
See: Impound Account.
TAX EXEMPTION
Freedom from payment of property or other taxes, granted to religious, educational, and similar organizations. Partial property tax exemptions are granted in some states to individuals, such as veterans and senior citizens.
TAX LIEN
(1) A lien for nonpayment of property taxes. Attaches only to the property upon which the taxes are unpaid. (2) A federal income tax lien. May attach to all property of the one owing the taxes.
TAX LIEN CERTIFICATE
A certificate obtained by the purchase of a property tax lien. It entitles the purchaser to the tax owing, including interest and penalties. A method used by governments to improve cash flow by having private sector investors buy the certificates.
TAX RATE
Traditionally the ratio of dollars of tax per hundred or per thousand dollars of valuation. Modernly, has become to be expressed as a percentage of valuation.
TAX ROLL
A list, usually published by a county, containing the descriptions of all parcels in said county, the names of the owners (or those receiving the tax bill), the assessed value, and tax amount.
TAX SALE
Public sale of property at auction by governmental authority, after a period of nonpayment of property tax.
TAX SEARCH
A part of a title search which determines if there are any unpaid taxes or assessments which may be a lien against the property being searched.
TAX SERVICE
The checking of property taxes for a lender to be sure that they are not delinquent during the life of the loan. The borrower pays a one time fee for this service.
TAX SHELTER
A general term used to include any property which gives the owner certain income tax advantages, such as deductions for property taxes, maintenance, mortgage interest, insurance, and especially depreciation.
TAX STAMPS
See: Documentary Tax Stamps.
TAX TITLE
See: Tax Deed (2).
TAXES
A mandatory contribution of money to meet the expenses of a government, whether federal, state, or local.
TEASER RATE
See: Start Rate.
TEMPERA
A process of painting, using a base of albuminous or colloidal materials, instead of oil.
TEMPLE
A place of worship, usually thought of as being large and ornate.
TEN DAY ESCROW LAW
See: Bulk Sales Act.
TENANCY
An estate in fee, such as "joint tenancy" or a non freehold estate, such as a tenancy under a lease.
TENANCY BY THE ENTIRETY
A form of ownership by husband and wife whereby each owns the entire property. In the event of the death of one, the survivor owns the property without probate.
TENANCY FOR YEARS
See: Estate For Years.
TENANCY FROM PERIOD TO PERIOD
See: Periodic Tenancy.
TENANCY IN COMMON
An undivided ownership in real estate by two or more persons. The interest need not be equal, and, in the event of the death of one of the owners, no right of survivorship in the other owners exist.
TENANT
(1) A holder of property under a lease or other rental agreement. (2) Originally, one who had the right to possession, irrespective of the title interest.
TENANT AT SUFFERANCE
One who comes into possession lawfully, but holds over after the termination of his interest.
TENANT AT WILL
One who holds possession of premises by permission of the owner or landlord, but without agreement for a fixed term of possession.
TENANT CHANGES
See: Tenant Improvements.
TENANT FARMER
One who operates a farm but is a tenant rather than the owner. Rent may be in cash, a share of the crops, or both.
TENANT FOR LIFE
See: Life Estate, Life Tenant.
TENANT IMPROVEMENTS
Improvements to land or buildings to meet the needs of tenants. May be new improvements or remodeling, and be paid for by the landlord, tenant, or part by each.
TENANT IN SEVERALTY
One who owns property alone, without any other person being joined in said ownership.
TENANT IN TAIL
See: Fee Tail.
TENDER
The offer of money or performance in connection with a contract. If unjustifiably refused, places the party who refuses in default and gives rise to an action for breach of contract.
TENDON
The materials used to reinforce concrete, such as cable and wire, which resemble human tendons.
TENEMENT HOUSE
A term now seldom used. A run-down apartment house, such as those which were common after World War II; overcrowded, cold water, etc.
TENEMENTS
Commonly used to refer to certain types of property such as multiple dwellings. Legally, any property, or property rights, which are of a permanent nature.
TENTATIVE MAP
A map submitted by a subdivider to a planning commission for approval; approval is usually conditioned upon changes. The final map, embodying the changes, is recorded.
TENURE
Manner of holding title subordinate to a superior interest. Derived from feudalism; the superior title was seisin.
TENURE MONTHLY ADVANCE REVERSE MORTGAGE
Monthly payments to the borrower under this reverse mortgage continue so long as the borrower occupies the property, even if the payments exceed the market value of the property. See also: Reverse Mortgage.
TERM
A period of time, such as the term of a lease.
TERM MONTHLY ADVANCE REVERSE MORTGAGE
Under this reverse mortgage, the lender makes periodic payments to the borrower for a fixed time period rather than for the borrower's lifetime or the time the borrower occupies the property. The borrower who uses this loan usually does not expect to outlive the term of the loan. An advantage of the loan is that the borrower may be able to receive larger monthly advances, since the lender knows exactly how much will be the maximum borrowed. See also: Reverse Mortgage.
TERM MORTGAGE
See: Straight-Term Mortgage.
TERMINABLE INTERESTS
Property interests which are not perpetual but liable to terminate, such as a leasehold. Also called "terminable property".
TERMINATE
To end. To cause to stop or end.
TERMITE INSPECTION
An inspection required in certain types of sales of property, to determine if termites are present within a building.
TERMITE SHIELD
Metal shields at the foundation of a structure or around pipes to prevent the entrance of termites.
TERMITES
Insects, similar to ants, which feed on wood, causing destruction to wooden structures.
TERMS
The consideration, other than price, in a sale, lease, mortgage, etc. For example: the way the money will be paid, time to take possession, conditions, etc.
TERRA COTTA
Literally "baked earth". A hard baked, glazed or unglazed, ceramic material used architecturally as a decorative surface for facings and tiles.
TERRA COTTA LUMBER
Very porous earthenware which can hold a nail and be cut without breaking or shattering.
TERRACE
(1) A common synonym for a balcony in a residence. (2) A series of flat cuts bulldozed into a slope, on which houses are constructed. (3) The natural levels of sloping ground, usually alongside water and indicating the levels of the water over different eras.
TERRAZZO
A flooring made by embedding small pieces of marble or granite into cement and polishing to a high gloss.
TESTAMENT
Commonly synonymous with "will", but technically only the disposition of personal property. See also: Will.
TESTAMENTARY TRUST
A trust created by a will.
TESTATE
Having written a last will and testament.
TESTATOR (F. TESTATRIX)
One who dies leaving a testament or will.
TESTIMONIUM CLAUSE
Clause in a deed or other instrument of conveyance which states that the proper parties are signing the document: "In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands and seals".
THERM
A measure of heat equal to one hundred thousand British thermal units (B.T.U.'s).
THERMAL
Heat. Having to do with heat or temperature.
THERMAL WINDOW
An insulating window of two panes of glass with air between.
THERMOSTAT
The part of a heating or air conditioning system which controls the heating or cooling unit by adjusting to bring ambient air to a pre- set temperature.
THIRD PARTY
A general term which includes anyone not a party to a contract, agreement, instrument, etc. However, statutes or court decisions may limit the definition in certain cases to, for instance, exclude representatives of the parties to a contract, etc.
THREAD
A middle line of a stream, river, or road.
THREE PHASE WIRING
A method of wiring, used in industrial buildings, allowing a series of heavy machines to be used at the same time, without overload.
THRESHOLD
A wooden strip under an outside door; the entrance to a building being over the threshold.
TIDAL BASIN
A bay or inlet without water gates. The water level varies directly with the ebb and flow of the tide.
TIDE
The ebb and flow of the sea. The tide reaches its ebb (low tide) and its flow (high tide) twice in each day (actually 24 hours 51 minutes).
TIDE LANDS
Lands which are covered at the highest point of the tide. These lands are state property and cannot be used for private purposes. Even though the tide may lower over a period of years, the land still remains state property.
TIE BEAM
A beam which acts to hold other structural members together, as a beam of a roof. Also called a collar tie.
TIER
A group of townships which form a row across a map, running East and West.
TIL
See: Truth in Lending.
TILE
A general term used to describe ceramic materials used for floors, facing of walls, and trim; also square, flat materials of many varieties of both composition and usage, such as acoustical ceiling tile, carpet tile, field tile, sewer tile, etc.
TILE FIELD
See: Disposal Field.
TILL
Unstratified glacial deposits, composed of clay, sand, gravel, rocks, in any proportion.
TILL PLAIN
Level or rolling land covered by till.
TILLABLE LAND
Land which may be plowed and planted without special preparation, such as cutting trees, removing boulders, etc.
TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION
A method of construction whereby precast concrete walls are tilted upright at the building site. Faster and less expensive than building the walls upright at the site.
TILTH
(1) Land which has been cultivated (tilled). (2) The crop produced from tilled land.
TIMBER
A general term applied to trees, standing or cut. Wood of a large size. Usually a piece of wood larger than 4" X 4" in cross-section.
TIME CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT (T.C.D.)
See: Certificate of Deposit.
TIME INTERVAL MAPS
Maps showing a given area, indicating certain changes over a given period.
TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE
Clause used in contracts to bind one party to performance at or by a specified time in order to bind the other party to performance.
TIME VALUE OF AN OPTION
The value of an option based on the expiration date. Example: An option to purchase property would be worth less if it expires in one week than it would be if it expires in one year, even though the price and terms are the same. The reasoning is that the value of the property has a better chance to increase in a year than in a week, making the one year option a better deal.
TIME VALUE OF MONEY
See: Present Value Of $1.
TIME-SHARING
A concept of ownership increasing in popularity as real estate prices rise. The purchase of an undivided interest (usually in a resort area condominium) for a fixed or variable time period. For example: Fifty-two different purchasers buy one condominium; each agrees to possession for one week per year. Costs (taxes, insurance, maintenance, etc. are shared equally. Possession may be fixed, or by reservation, by lease, license, etc. Some developers provide several projects in different parts of the world, so that a person owning one week in a project in Hawaii could elect to spend that week in a connected project in France or other area.
TITLE
The evidence one has of right to possession of land.
TITLE 1
An FHA-insured loan that allows a borrower to make improvements such as renovations or repairs to his/her home.
TITLE COMPANY
An agency issuing the policy of a title insurance company.
TITLE DEFECT
See: Defective Title.
TITLE INSURANCE
Insurance against loss resulting from defects of title to a specifically described parcel of real property. Defects may run to the fee (chain of title) or to encumbrances.
TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY
A company which issues insurance regarding title to real property.
TITLE ONE LOAN
A government insured loan which is greater than the equity in the property. These loans can currently go up to one hundred twenty five percent of the value of the property, and may be used only for improvements to the property. Also called a Negative Equity Loan. See also: Title One Look Alike Loan.
TITLE ONE LOOK ALIKE LOAN
A loan which has the same greater than value characteristic of a Title One Loan (See Above) but is privately funded without government insurance. This loan is not restricted to property improvements.
TITLE ORDER
An order for a search of the title to some parcel of property, eventually leading to the issuance of a policy of title insurance.
TITLE PAGE
The page in a subdivision map which is signed by all parties having an interest in the land, agreeing to the subdivision.
TITLE PLANT
A filing of all recorded information to real property, paralleling the records of the county recorder's office, although the filing system may be different.
TITLE REPORT
See: Preliminary Title Report.
TITLE SEARCH
A review of all recorded documents affecting a specific piece of property to determine the present condition of title.
TITLE THEORY
A theory followed in several states that the mortgagee has legal title to the mortgaged property and the mortgagor has equitable title. See also: Lien Theory.
TOENAILING
Nailing at a slant for greater gripping into a second member.
TOLL
(1) Money paid for the use of a road, bridge, etc. (2) To take away, stop, or defeat. Commonly used to indicate the defeating of the statute of limitations.
TOLL BRIDGE
A bridge, the crossing of which requires a fee to be paid.
TOLL ROAD
A highway over which a motorist may travel, for a specified fee.
TOMBSTONE TITLE
Information to validate title taken from tombstones, such as the death of an owner, date of death, names of survivors, etc.
TON
(1) A measure of weight; two thousand pounds. (2) A measure of capacity of an air conditioner. One ton equals twelve thousand British thermal units (B.T.U's).
TONGUE AND GROOVE
A method of joining (usually lumber) by cutting a tongue (protrusion) in one board and a corresponding groove in the other.
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP
Map showing the differences in grade of a parcel of land. Grades are measured in relation to sea level.
TOPOGRAPHY
The contour of land surface, such as flat, rolling, mountainous, etc.
TOPSOIL
The surface or upper layer of soil, which determines its suitability for farming.
TORRENS TITLE
A system by which title to land is registered with a registrar of land titles, instead of being recorded. Originally established by Sir Robert Torrens in Australia in 1858.
TORT
A civil wrong committed against person or property, independent of any contractual agreement.
TOTAL DEBT RATIO
See: Debt ratio
TOTAL EXPENSE RATIO
A formula to determine eligibility for a loan by figuring, as a percentage, all of the borrower's monthly obligations divided by gross monthly income. See also: Expense Ratios.
TOWN
A term varying in meaning, depending on the area of the country. May be a county, city, or unincorporated village.
TOWNHOUSE
Originally a house in a city as opposed to a country estate. More recently the term is applied to certain types of row houses, whether planned unit developments or condominiums.
TOWNSHIP
A territorial division of land established by federal survey, being six miles square and containing thirty-six sections, each one mile square
TOWNSHIP LINES
Survey lines which divide townships at their Northern and Southern boundaries. The East and West boundaries are called Range lines.
TOWNSHIP ROAD
A road under the jurisdiction of, and maintained by a town or township.
TRACK RECORD
A general term referring to the past record of performance of one applying for a loan, developing a project, asking for a listing, etc.
TRACT
A parcel of land. In some states, synonymous with a subdivision.
TRACT HOUSE
A house built using the plan of the builder, as one of many similar homes in a subdivision, as opposed to a custom house, which is built to the specifications of the owner.
TRACT LOAN
A loan secured by an entire subdivision. See: Blanket Mortgage (1); Partial Release.
TRADE AREA
The area from which a commercial development can expect to draw customers.
TRADE EQUITY
The making of a down payment with property instead of cash.
TRADE FIXTURES
Personal property used in a business, which is attached to the property, but removable upon sale as part of the business and not the real estate.
TRADE-IN
Sale of a house by an owner to a real estate broker in order for the owner to purchase another house. The house is put on the market at market value. If not sold in a specified time, the broker guarantees to buy the house at a lower price.
TRAFFIC
(1) The transporting of goods in trade or business. (2) The movement of air, sea, or land vehicles, people, or animals, along a route.
TRAFFIC COUNT
The number of pedestrians or vehicles moving past a given point in a given period of time. The counts are used to determine business potential, patterns for redesigning streets, etc.
TRAFFIC DENSITY
The number of vehicles moving across a portion of a road at a given time. Usually expressed as vehicles per mile of road.
TRAILER
Anything from a carrier used to haul small loads, boats, etc., to a complete mobile home, may be called a trailer.
TRAILER PARK
A site containing two or more parking spaces for trailers (mobile homes) with minimum facilities of water, sewer, electricity, laundry and bathing facilities. The more modern are called mobile home parks and have all the conveniences of an apartment complex.
TRANSFER
The act by which the title to property is conveyed from one person to another.
TRANSFER TAX
State tax on the transfer of real property. Based on purchase price or money changing hands. Check statutes for each state. Also called documentary transfer tax.
TRANSFERABLE DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS
Allowing the assignment of development rights from parcel to parcel. Example: The owner of a parcel on which the zoning allows a maximum of a five story building could buy rights from another parcel and build a ten story building. The parcel transferring the rights would have to decrease its allowable height by the same number.
TRAP
(1) The lowest curved portion of pipe under a sink (or other fixture using water) to catch and hold objects dropped into the drain. (2) A term used among sales agents of tract houses to describe the barriers which guide potential buyers through the sales offices on their way to and from the model homes.
TRAVERSE WINDOW
A window popular in modern construction, having sashes which open horizontally, sliding on separate grooves past each other.
TREAD
The middle or center line of a road or stream.
TREADS
The width of a step in a staircase, being the horizontal distance between consecutive risers.
TREASURY BILLS
Interest bearing federal obligations with maturities of less than one year.
TREASURY BONDS
Interest bearing federal obligations with maturities of ten years or more. Commonly called the "Long Bond".
TREASURY INDEX
One of the indices used to adjust interest rates on an adjustable rate loan. It reflects the changes in the rate for U.S. Treasury Bills.
TREASURY NOTES
Interest bearing federal obligations with a maturity of one to ten years.
TREBLE DAMAGES
Three times the amount of actual damages. Given when damages were caused by a deliberate or grossly negligent act of the defendant. See also: Exemplary Damages.
TRESPASS
Legally covers a variety of wrongs against person or property. Most commonly used to describe the wrongful entry of a person onto another's land, although encroachment of an inanimate object, such as a building or fence, is a form of trespass.
TRIM
Decorative or finish materials in a building as interior moldings, and exterior moldings around doors and windows.
TRIMMER
The vertical side members of a doorway, opening for a stairway, opening for a chimney, etc., to which a header is attached.
TRIPLE NET
See: Net Lease.
TRIPLEX
(1) Any building containing exactly three dwelling units. (2) An apartment on three separate floors or levels.
TRUCK HIGH
A platform at the height of a truck bed, usually about four feet high.
TRUCK INDENTURE
A recessed platform allowing a truck to back into a building to unload.
TRUCK WELL
A slope which brings the level of a truck bed to the level of a loading platform.
TRUNK TITLE
See: Dresser Drawer Title.
TRUSS
A frame to support a roof, bridge, or other span.
TRUSS HEIGHT
The height of the trusses (roof beams), as measured from the floor.
TRUST
A fiduciary relationship under which one holds property (real or personal) for the benefit of another. The party creating the trust is called the settlor, the party holding the property is the trustee, and the party for whose benefit the property is held is called the beneficiary.
TRUST ACCOUNT
An account used by brokers, escrow agents, or anyone holding money in trust for another. See also: Commingling.
TRUST AGREEMENT
The writing which sets forth the terms of a trust.
TRUST DEED
See: Deed of Trust.
TRUST INSTRUMENT
Any writing which creates a trust. May be a will, court order, trust agreement, or similar writing.
TRUSTEE
(1) One who is appointed, or required by law, to execute a trust. (2) One who holds title to real property under the terms of a deed of trust.
TRUSTEE IN BANKRUPTCY
One appointed by a bankruptcy court, and in whom the property of the bankrupt vests. The trustee holds the property in trust, not for the bankrupt, but for the creditors.
TRUSTEE'S DEED
A deed by a trustee under a deed of trust, issued to a purchaser at auction, pursuant to foreclosure.
TRUSTEE'S SALE
A sale at auction by a trustee under a deed of trust, pursuant to foreclosure proceedings.
TRUSTOR
The borrower under a deed of trust. One who deeds his property to a trustee as security for the repayment of a loan.
TRUTH IN LENDING
Also referred to as Regulation Z. Part of the Consumer Credit Protection Act. Federal legislation designed to protect borrowers by requiring lenders to furnish information regarding the cost of the loan. The law requires interest to be expressed as the annual percentage rate (APR) to the nearest 1/8 of one percent. The APR must include charges such as loan fees, discount points, servicing fees, etc., as well as interest. The law applies to 1 to 4 family residential property only. Also applies to other consumer loans.
TUCK POINTING
The finishing of joints of brick, block, or similar material, with putty or mortar. Most commonly used in chimney repair.
TURN KEY
Referring to an owner making a property ready for a tenant to begin business by having the tenant furnish only furniture, phone, and inventory, if any. Ready to "turn the key" in the front door and begin business.
TURN-OVER
In business opportunities, refers to the sale of one average inventory of a business within a specified time. For example: A business having an average inventory worth $10,000, and having gross sales of $5,000 per month, would "turn over" the inventory once every two months.
TURNPIKE
A toll road. Modernly, a road across a large portion of a state, having limited access, maximum speeds, and for the use of which a toll is charged.
TURPENTINE
An oil distilled from pine and other trees, used to thin paint and as a solvent for varnish.
TW
TO FOUR-FAMILY PROPERTY - Property designed to provide housing for no more than four families. Has much the same legal protection and lending advantages as a single family residence. The laws change once the dwelling is designed for more than four families.
TWO HOUR DOOR
A door with a resistance to fire, so that is would take a fire two hours to burn through it.
TWO HOUR WALL
A wall with a resistance to fire, so that it would take a fire two hours to burn through it.
TWO STEP MORTGAGE
A mortgage or deed of trust that begins with a fixed interest rate for a specified number of years and then uses an adjustable rate for the remaining years.
UCC
See: Uniform Commercial Code.
ULTRA VIRES
Originally acts of a corporation beyond or against its charter. Now includes illegal acts. An officer of a corporation may be personally liable for an ultra vires act of the corporation.
UNAVOIDABLE CAUSE
A cause which reasonable prudence and care could not have prevented, such as death, illness, papers lost in the mail, etc.
UNBALANCED IMPROVEMENT
An appraisal term describing an improvement not in conformity with the surrounding area, and so, not suited to its location. May be an underimprovement or overimprovement.
UNCONSCIONABLE CONTRACT
So unfair that a court will not allow it. So one sided that no one in his right mind would agree on one side, and no fair and honest person would agree on the other side.
UNDER-LEASE
A sub-lease for either less than the remaining term on the master lease or less than the total property covered by the master lease.
UNDERCOATING
A "prime" or first coat before the finish or "top coat" of paint or other finish.
UNDERFLOOR WIRING SYSTEM
A system of electrical wiring built into the floor of a building through conduits, ducts, and raceways.
UNDERIMPROVEMENT
An improvement which is deficient in size or quality in relation to the site on which it is built.
UNDERLYING FINANCING
A mortgage, trust deed, or land contract prior to (underlying) another mortgage, trust deed, or land contract which is all inclusive or wraps around it.
UNDERPASS
A passageway under a road, railway, or other right of way. May be for pedestrian traffic, automobiles, or any other method of transportation.
UNDERPINNING
(1) Temporary load-bearing beams used during construction. (2) Permanent load-bearing supports, added to an existing structure.
UNDERWRITER
One who insures another. A small title company may buy insurance from a larger one (the underwriter) for all or part of the liability of its policies. A larger title company may buy part of the insurance from another company on high liability policies.
UNDERWRITING
The process of analyzing both the worthiness of a potential borrower and the property involved to enable a lender to decide whether to make a loan, the amount to lend and how much to charge in interest and fees.
UNDEVELOPED LAND
See: Raw Land.
UNDISCLOSED PRINCIPAL
A principal whose identity is not revealed by an agent.
UNDIVIDED INTEREST
A partial interest by two or more people in the same property, whether the interest of each is equal or unequal.
UNDUE INFLUENCE
Influence used to destroy the will of another so that his decision is not his free act.
UNDULATING LAND
Rolling land composed of compound slopes (two or more slopes of different grades).
UNEARNED INCREMENT
An increase in value to real property due to some change in the area rather than an improvement in the property itself.
UNEARNED PREMIUM
That unused portion of an insurance premium which is returned to the policy holder upon cancellation.
UNENCUMBERED
Free of liens and other encumbrances. Free and clear.
UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT
A contract which a court will not enforce, even though it may have all the requirements of a valid contract. Example: A contract barred by a statute of limitations. It may be valid except that the plaintiff took too long to bring the action.
UNFINISHED BUILDING SPACE
Not completed. A general term not specifying how much has not been completed. May need paint, floor covering, or other minor completions. May need plumbing, electricity, floors, or other major completions.
UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE (UCC)
A set of laws written to make it easier to do business between states by making the law the same for each state that adopted the code. The UCC covers many aspects of business such as transactions involving personal property (Article 2) and Negotiable Instruments (Article 3).
UNIFORM LAWS
Laws approved by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. Many have been adopted in one or more states. Among these are the Uniform Commercial Code, Uniform Negotiable Instruments Act, Uniform Partnership Act, Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act, etc.
UNIFORM RESIDENTIAL APPRAISAL REPORT
The standard form used to appraise one to four family residential property.
UNIFORMITY
In taxation, equality in the burden of taxation, implying equality in the method of assessment as well as the rate of taxation.
UNILATERAL CONTRACT
A contract formed by a promise from one party and performance from the other. The contract is formed only after the performance is completed, unless legally excused. See also: Bilateral Contract.
UNILATERAL MISTAKE
A mistake made by one of the parties to the contract. Usually enforceable unless the other party knew or should have known of it (an obvious mistake).
UNIMPROVED LAND
Most commonly land without buildings; it can also mean land in its natural state.
UNINCORPORATED AREA
An area of a county which has not formed a municipal corporation (become a city).
UNINSURABLE TITLE
Title to real estate that a title insurance company refuses to insure. The defect goes to the fee (ownership) or a claim or encumbrance that could lead to the loss of fee title in the party seeking insurance.
UNIT
(1) One of any group. (2) An apartment, condominium, house in a subdivision, etc.
UNIT COST
In relation to real estate, a cost per square foot. Also called unit price.
UNIT COST IN PLACE METHOD
An appraisal method. The cost of construction by estimating the cost of each component part in place, including labor cost and overhead.
UNIT OF COMPARISON
Used in appraisal to make the most appropriate use of comparables. Example: A house may best be compared by price per square foot, land by price per front foot, a hospital by price per bed, etc.
UNIT PRICE
See: Unit Cost.
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The section of the department of the interior which maps the country and identifies its geologic features.
UNITIES
The peculiarities necessary to form a valid joint tenancy. Unity of time, title, interest, and possession.
UNITY OF INTEREST
In joint tenancy, the joint tenants must acquire their interest by the same conveyance and said interest must be equal.
UNITY OF POSSESSION
In joint tenancy, the joint tenants must have equal rights to possession.
UNITY OF TIME
To have a valid joint tenancy, the joint tenants must acquire title at the same time.
UNITY OF TITLE
In joint tenancy, the holding by the joint tenants under the same document.
UNLAWFUL DETAINER
The unjustifiable possession of property by one whose original entry was lawful but whose right to possession has terminated; usually a tenant.
UNLIMITED MORTGAGE
See: Open End Mortgage.
UNMARKETABLE TITLE
Not saleable. A title which has serious defects.
UNRECORDED INSTRUMENT
A deed, mortgage, etc., which is not recorded in the county recorder's office and, therefore, not protected under recording statutes. Valid between the parties involved, but not against innocent third parties.
UNSECURED
Generally referring to an obligation which has only a promise as security. A note would be unsecured, a note and mortgage would be secured.
UPLANDS
Land bordering bodies of water but above the high water mark.
UPSET PRICE
A legal term signifying the minimum price at which a property can be sold at auction, usually foreclosure.
URAR
See: Uniform Residential Appraisal Report.
URBAN
Pertaining to a city or town.
URBAN RENEWAL
Razing and rebuilding of obsolete sections of cities through financing by federal, state, and local governments.
USE DENSITY
The relationship of the number of buildings of a particular use to a given land area.
USE VALUE
See: Value in Use.
USEFUL LIFE
(1) In appraisal for sale purposes, the true economic value of a building in terms of years of use to the owner. (2) For tax purposes, the life set for depreciation. At any time during that period, a new life could begin for a new owner.
USUFRUCT
The right to use and profit from property vested in another, so long as the user (usufructuary) does not change the substance of the property. Would include an easement but not a profit a prendre.
USUFRUCTUARY
One who has a usufruct.
USURY
Charging an illegal rate or amount of interest on a loan.
UTILITIES
Public or private suppliers of water, electricity, gas, telephone and sewers that serve a property or the public or private companies that supply them.
UTILITY
Practical usefulness, as opposed to frivolity.
UTILITY ROOM
A room used for laundry, heating equipment, telephone wiring, or janitorial purposes.
VA
See: Department of Veterans Affairs.
VA ESCAPE CLAUSE
A clause stating that the buyer (borrower) shall not be obligated to buy nor shall any deposit be lost if the appraisal is less than the agreed upon amount.
VA LOAN
See: VA Mortgage.
VA MORTGAGE
A loan guaranteed by The Department of Veterans Affairs. These loans are restricted to eligible veterans and require little or no down payment.
VA MORTGAGE FUNDING FEE
A closing cost either paid in full at closing or financed. It is one of the costs to obtain a VA guaranteed loan.
VACANCY
A place which is empty (vacant). The term is generally used to describe a property available for rent.
VACANCY FACTOR
The estimated percentage of vacancies in a rental project. May be based on past records of the property, or a professional guess if a new project. Surrounding area buildings, if similar, may be used for comparison.
VACANCY RATE
See: Vacancy Factor.
VACANT LAND
Land without buildings. May or may not have improvements, such as grading, sewers, etc.
VACATE
(1) To move out. (2) A legal term meaning to set aside or annul, as to vacate a judgment.
VALID
Legally binding. Properly carried out in accordance with legal procedures.
VALLEY
(1) The concave angle formed by the two sloping sides of a roof. (2) Low land between hills or mountains.
VALLEY FLASHING
Waterproofing (flashing) applied to the concave joint (valley) of a roof.
VALLEY RAFTER
A rafter (beam) which forms the apex of the interior angle of a valley roof.
VALLEY ROOF
A roof, the exterior surface of which forms a concave angle, having the edges higher than the center.
VALUABLE CONSIDERATION
A legal term meaning any consideration sufficient to support a contract. The word "valuable" does not mean of great value but merely having value.
VALUATION
The estimating of value. Appraisal.
VALUATOR
See: Appraiser.
VALUE
(1) The usefulness of an object. (2) The monetary worth of an object. (3) A shortening of the term valuable consideration, as in a purchaser "for value".
VALUE AFTER THE TAKING
In the case of a partial taking under eminent domain, the value of the part not taken.
VALUE BEFORE THE TAKING
The market value of a property before condemnation.
VALUE IN PLACE
The market value of an improvement in place, as opposed to value in use.
VALUE IN USE
(1) The value to a specific owner of a property or improvement. Usually much greater than market value. (2) The value of a property for a specific use. Also called Use Value.
VALVE
A device, operated automatically or manually, to regulate the flow of a gas or liquid, or to prevent the return of the gas or liquid to its source.
VAPOR BARRIER
The placing of moisture retarding material, such as paints, foil, treated paper, etc., on or in walls to prevent condensation.
VARA
A Spanish or Portuguese unit of measure of approximately 33 inches.
VARIABLE INTEREST RATE
An interest rate which fluctuates as the prevailing rate moves up or down. In mortgages there are usually maximums as to the frequency and amount of fluctuation. Also called "flexible interest rate".
VARIABLE OPERATING EXPENSES
Those expenses which vary (usually with occupancy). Example: Maintenance costs vary with the number of units occupied. Property taxes are fixed under the same conditions.
VARIABLE PRICE RANGING
Pricing property within a price range rather than at an exact price. The ranges are published in local newspapers and each range is assigned a number. The number corresponding to a particular property is displayed on the "for sale" sign. A prospective buyer can look at the sign and know the approximate amount (the range) that the seller expects to be offered.
VARIABLE RATE MORTGAGE
See: Adjustable Mortgage Loan.
VARIANCE
Change of a portion of zoning requirements without changing the zoning.
VARNISH
A finish for wood which gives a transparent protective covering. Composed of resins dissolved in oil.
VAULT
(1) An arched ceiling or roof. (2) A room or enclosure used for the storage of valuables.
VENDEE
Purchaser or buyer, especially on a land contract.
VENDOR
The person who transfers property by sale. Another word for "seller". Commonly used in land contract sales.
VENEER
Thin sheets of wood or other material, such as brick, usually covering less costly material.
VENEERED CONSTRUCTION
The placing of a facing material over the external surface of a structure.
VENT
An opening, usually a pipe or duct, which allows the passage of air or gas to release undesirable fumes from a building.
VENT PIPE
A pipe used for the elimination of sewer gases by allowing these gases to move from plumbing fixtures to a vent stack.
VENT STACK
A small chimney-like stack allowing ventilation through a roof.
VENTILATION
A system, natural or artificial, of providing fresh air circulation through a structure.
VENTURE CAPITAL
An equity investment, usually connoting risk.
VENUE
(1) The county (or other geographical division) in which an action or prosecution is brought for trial and which is to furnish the panel of jurors. (2) The county in which an acknowledgement (notarization) is made.
VERANDA
An open porch alongside a building. Usually covered by a roof for protection from the sun or rain.
VERGEBOARD
See: Barge-board.
VERIFICATION
Confirmation of truth, correctness, or authenticity. Done by affidavit, oath, or deposition, all of which require sworn statements.
VERIFICATION OF DEPOSIT (VOD)
A written request (form) sent to a financial institution to check the accuracy of information supplied by a potential borrower on a loan application regarding the amount of the borrower's funds.
VERIFICATION OF EMPLOYMENT (VOE)
A written request (form) sent to an employer to check the accuracy of information supplied by a potential borrower on a loan application regarding the borrower's employment history.
VERIFICATION OF MORTGAGE
A written request (form) sent to a mortgagee to check the accuracy of information supplied by a potential borrower on a loan application regarding the payment history and amount owing on the borrower's existing mortgage.
VERIFS
A slang term to describe the verifications required by a lender. See: Verification Of Deposit; Verification Of Employment; Verification of Mortgage.
VERIFY
To confirm, substantiate, or prove to be true.
VERTICAL
Up and down. Perpendicular to the surface of the Earth.
VEST
To give an immediate interest, as opposed to a contingent or future interest.
VESTED
Present ownership rights, absolute and fixed. Modernly, ownership rights, even though on a land contract or subject to a mortgage or deed of trust.
VESTED REMAINDER
A remainder interest which is certain. See: Remainder; Contingent Remainder.
VETERAN'S ADMINISTRATION (V.A.) LOANS
Housing loans to veterans by banks, savings and loans, or other lenders which are insured by the Veteran's Administration, enabling veterans to buy a residence with little or no down payment.
VETERAN'S TAX EXEMPTION
A state exemption for property taxes granted qualified veterans or their widows. Not in every state.
VICINAGE
(1) A neighborhood, vicinity. (2) A legal term signifying the county where a trial is held.
VILLA LOT
A term of no legal significance, used to describe a large lot upon which would be built an expensive house.
VILLAGE
A small community.
VIOLATION
Breach of any law or agreement.
VISUAL RIGHTS
The right to be able to see clearly as a general welfare right taking priority over a property right. Example: Restriction of structures or trees, shrubs, etc., at intersections if visibility is restricted as to cause a danger.
VITAL STATISTICS
Data regarding births, deaths, marriages, health records, etc., and usually kept by a governmental bureau. Federally, the Bureau of Vital Statistics.
VITREOUS
Relating to or resembling glass. Glassy.
VITRIFIED TILE
Clay pipes used in a disposal field.
VOD
See: Verification Of Deposit.
VOID
Having no legal force or binding effect.
VOIDABLE
May be voided, but not void in itself.
VOLT
A term in electronics, being the force necessary to cause one ampere to flow through a conductor with a resistance of one ohm. Common household current is 110 volts, with a 220 volt circuit used for some heavy appliances. Industrial uses may require higher voltage.
VOLUNTARY LIEN
A lien placed against real property by the voluntary act of the owner. Most commonly, a mortgage or deed of trust.
VOM
See: Verification Of Mortgage.
VOUCHER SYSTEM
Payment of subcontractors by issuing vouchers that are redeemed by the construction lenders. The purpose is to make sure that payment reaches the subcontractors and avoids mechanic's liens.
VPR
See: Variable Price Ranging.
WAGES
A general term encompassing all pay given a hired person for his or her services, whether paid as a salary, commission, fee, etc.
WAINSCOT
See: Wainscoting.
WAINSCOTING
The covering of an interior wall with wood (usually panels), tiles, etc., from the floor to a point about half way to the ceiling: the remaining portion is painted, wallpapered, or covered with another material different from the lower portion.
WAIVE
To knowingly abandon, relinquish, or surrender a right, benefit, or claim.
WAIVER
The relinquishment of a right. In construction, most commonly the waiver by subcontractor of their mechanic's lien rights in order for the owner to obtain draws under a construction loan.
WALK-THROUGH INSPECTION
An inspection of property by a buyer very close to the time for closing to determine that the condition of the property has not changed since the purchase contract was executed or that promised changes have been made.
WALKUP
A building without an elevator of more than one story.
WALL
A vertical structure erected to divide, enclose, support, or secure an enclosure, such as a room or building.See also: Party Wall.
WALL FURNACE
A small furnace, usually electric, fitting between the studs of a wall, and heating without ducts by using a small fan for circulation. More commonly called a "heater" than a "furnace".
WALL PANEL
An exterior wall which bears no load; the load is carried by girders or beams of the framing skeleton. Used primarily in high- rise office buildings.
WALL PLATES
(1) The horizontal members at the top and bottom of a wall, to which the studs are attached. (2) In a mine, a heavy, framed timber used for support.
WALL TILE
Tile placed on a wall as a finish material, usually in bathrooms and kitchens of homes, but sometimes throughout, as in mobile homes and trailer homes.
WALL-BEARING
See: Bearing Wall.
WALL-BEARING CONSTRUCTION
Weight of roofs and floors supported entirely by the exterior walls, with no load-bearing partitions. Posts and pillars are used at points where the span is too wide for exterior wall support.
WALLBOARD
A sheet, usually 4' X 8', of gypsum or similar material, which is attached to the studs (frame) of a wall and forms a surface which can be finished (painted, wallpapered, etc.).
WAREHOUSE
A structure used for the storage of goods, either for short or long periods of time.
WAREHOUSEMAN
One who, for compensation, stores the goods of others.
WAREHOUSING
The depositing of loans by a lender such as a mortgage company, in a bank, for sale at a later date. The mortgage company then borrows against these loans. This is done when the mortgage company wishes to assemble a block of loans for sale, or when the company believes that the discount rate is dropping and the loans may be sold for a higher price in the future.
WAREHOUSING SPREAD
The interest rate difference between the loan from the warehouse lender and the mortgages used as collateral security for the loan.
WARM AIR HEATING SYSTEM
Also called hot air heating system. A heating system whereby air is heated in a furnace and moves through ducts to the areas to be heated. See also: Forced Air Furnace; Gravity Furnace.
WARRANT
To legally assure that title conveyed is good and possession will be undisturbed.
WARRANTY
A legal, binding, promise, given at the time of a sale, whereby the seller gives the buyer certain assurances as to the condition of the property being sold. Warranties as to real property have taken on a lesser role with the increase of the use of title insurance.
WARRANTY DEED
A deed used in many states to convey fee title to real property. Until the widespread use of title insurance, the warranties by the grantor were very important to the grantee. When title insurance is purchased, the warranties become less important as a practical means of recovery by the grantee for defective title.
WASTE
(1) A destruction of property by one who holds possession rightfully, but either is not the owner or does not own the property free and clear. (2) A change made in property, even if the value is increased by the change. This is called ameliorating waste.
WASTELAND
Land that is not economically feasible for development. The land may have great environmental value, such as swampland that supports wildlife.
WASTELINE
A line carrying waste from any kitchen or bathroom fixture except a toilet.
WASTING ASSETS
Assets which, by use or lapse of time, are consumed or reduced in book value, irrespective of market fluctuation. Includes oil, minerals, patent rights, franchises for a fixed term, etc. Also called "diminishing assets"; "wasting property".
WASTING PROPERTY
See: Wasting Assets.
WATER LEVEL
The surface height of a body of water as measured by a point on the shore. See also: Water Mark.
WATER MARK
A mark on the shore indicating the highest point to which a body of water will normally rise (high-water mark) and also the lowest point (low-water mark) to which it will recede.
WATER POWER
The power created by the fall of a stream across one's land, the riparian owner being entitled to its utilization.
WATER REPELLANT
A chemical compound, in liquid form, which penetrates wood or other materials and prevents absorption of moisture or water into said materials.
WATER RIGHTS
Any right to the use and/or control of water, whether for irrigation, hydro electric power, personal use, etc. (See: Riparian Rights).
WATER TABLE
(1) The depth, measured from the surface, at which natural underground waters are found. (2) A ledge to aid the run-off of rainwater, built at or above the top of the foundation wall.
WATER-GAGE
A sea wall to restrain water from overflowing.
WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY
The amount of water a given type and amount of soil will absorb and hold under normal conditions. The capacity is expressed as a percentage of the soil's own weight when dry.
WATERFRONT
Property (improved or unimproved) fronting on a body of water. More loosely, a neighborhood near a large body of water which has a commercial port.
WATERPROOF
Capable of withstanding absorption of water; treating a material to give it this capability.
WATERSCAPE
An aqueduct.
WATERSHED
An area formed by natural barriers, such as a mountain range, which separate two river systems. The term may be used to describe the drainage area or the barrier.
WATT
A unit of electrical power equal to the flow of one ampere caused by the pressure of one volt.
WATT-HOUR
The basis used to determine electric bills. Example: A 100 watt light bulb means if the bulb burns for one hour, it will use 100 watts of electricity.
WCR
See: Women's Council Of Realtors.
WEAR AND TEAR
The deterioration or loss in value caused by the normal and reasonable use of the property. In leases, the tenant is not usually responsible for "normal wear and tear".
WEATHERING
(1) Commonly, the deterioration of the exterior of a structure caused by exposure to weather. (2) A step in the refining of gasoline.
WEATHERSTRIPS
Strips of felt, metal, etc., installed between a door or window and its casing, to keep out wind, moisture, dust, or other elements of the weather.
WEEP HOLES
Small holes in a retaining wall or other wall where it may be necessary to drain off excess water to avoid pressure build-up.
WEIGHTED AVERAGE
A method of determining an average by valuing each component based on its relative importance. Example: In a mortgage pool a loan with a $100,000 balance would be valued higher for purposes of averaging than a similar loan with a $10,000 balance.
WEIR
(1) A dam used to divert water to a pond, mill, or similar use. (2) A device for measuring the flow of water past a given point.
WEIR BOX
A box set in an irrigation ditch to measure to flow of water. The box (usually of wood or concrete) is open at both ends and contains a measuring device (weir).
WELL
A hole or shaft, which is sunk (usually by drilling) into the ground to obtain water, oil, natural gas, etc.
WESTERN FRAMING
A type of framing in which the studding for each floor rests on a separate sill rather than ground to roof as in balloon framing.
WET COLUMN
A column containing plumbing lines.
WET PLASTER
Plaster mixed with water and spread wet over a lath. The plaster dries hard to form the surface of a wall, ceiling, etc.
WETLANDS
Lands which, in their normal condition, have wet or spongy soil, such as a marsh or bog.
WHARF
A structure used for loading and unloading ships. May be constructed, as a dock or pier, or simply a piece of ground prepared for the same use.
WHAT-IF ANALYSIS
An exploration of the possible future circumstances of a potential buyer or borrower. For example: If you were off work for six months, would you lose your home? Useful in determining if you are financially sound enough to face possible future financial reverses.
WIDOW'S QUARANTINE
Old English law. Forty days during which a widow could stay in her husband's house, rent free, after his death.
WIFE
A woman who is legally married to a living man.
WILD INTEREST
An interest of record which cannot be traced in the chain of title. Frequently occurs when an incorrect legal description appears on a document. An apparent wild interest may occur if a woman who changes her name through marriage after acquiring property, sells the property using her married name only.
WILD LAND
Land not being used for cultivation or construction. Land completely in its natural state.
WILL
A written expression of the desire of a person as to the disposition of that person's property after death. Must follow certain procedures to be valid.
WINDBREAK
Any natural or artificial structure which shelters by breaking the force of the wind.
WINDOW
An opening in a wall or roof of a building to provide light, air, view, etc., but containing glass to keep out the weather.
WINDOW SILL
The bottom framing member of a window casing.
WING
A portion of a building which projects from the main area of the structure as a bird's wing projects from its body.
WIRE GLASS
A pane of glass embedded with wire to strengthen it and prevent flying glass.
WIRE LATH
A coarse mesh upon which plaster is spread.
WIRE TRANSFER
The transferring of funds electronically rather than by mail. There is no waiting for a check to clear and no interest accruing while the check is in the mail.
WITHOUT RECOURSE
A finance term. A mortgage or deed of trust securing a note without recourse allows the lender to look only to the security (property) for repayment in the event of default, and not personally to the borrower.
WITNESS
(1)To sign a deed, note, or other document, to attest to its authenticity, or to prove its execution. (2) The person attesting.
WOMEN'S COUNCIL OF REALTORS (WCR)
An affiliate of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS, it offers the designation of Leadership Training Graduate (LTG) and the Referral and Relocation Certification.
WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION
Buildings in which the walls, roof, and floors are framed with wood, although metal, stucco, or other material may cover the framing.
WORK EQUITY
See: Sweat Equity.
WORKING CAPITAL
Cash, or assets which are readily convertible to cash, used to carry on a business.
WORKING DRAWING
Drawing used by workman in construction. Shows all structural detail such as electric, plumbing, partitions, etc.
WORKINGHOUSE
A structure on top of a grain elevator which houses the mechanical operating equipment for the elevator.
WORTHIER TITLE
A doctrine of common law which held that if one devised (left by will) the same interest as the devisee would inherit (no will), the title by inheritance would prevail, and the person would take as heir rather than devisee.
WRAP-AROUND MORTGAGE
A second or junior mortgage with a face value of both the amount it secures and the balance due under the first mortgage. The mortgagee under the wrap-around collects a payment based on its face value and then pays the first mortgagee. It is most effective when the first has a lower interest rate than the second, since the mortgagee under the wrap-around gains the difference between the interest rates, or the mortgagor under the wrap-around may obtain a lower rate than if refinancing.
WRIT OF CERTIORARI
See: Certiorari.
WRIT OF EJECTMENT
Writ in an action for the recovery of real property, generally from a tenant.
WRIT OF EXECUTION
A writ to carry out the judgment or decree of a court.
WROUGHT IRON
An easily molded form of iron used for decorative railings, gates, furniture, etc. The term is loosely used to describe steel or aluminum used in the same manner.
WYE
The joining of railway tracks, the branches coming to the main track from different angles so as to form the shape of the letter Y.
WYTHE
A partition in a chimney which contains more than one flue, separating the flues.
X
A common mark used by one who cannot sign his/her name. The signature is as valid as a signed name unless restricted by statute.
X-BRACING
Crossbracing forming the letter X. Used in floors and partitions.
YACHT BASIN
A system of docks and channels used for the keeping of yachts and similar boats.
YARD
(1) A MEASURE OF 36". (2) The area between the building and property line of a residential property (back yard, side yard, front yard). (3) An enclosure used for a business purpose (lumber yard, etc.).
YARD LUMBER
Lumber generally found in a lumber yard, that is lumber graded for general building purposes.
YIELD
Ratio of income from an investment to the total cost of the investment over a given period of time.
YIELD TO MATURITY
See: Internal Rate Of Return.
ZANJA (SPANISH)
An irrigation ditch.
ZERO INTEREST MORTGAGE
A note and mortgage under which interest accrues but is not paid until the end of the term of the loan.
ZERO LOT LINE
The construction of a building on any of the boundary lines of a lot. Usually built on the front line, such as a store built to the sidewalk. See also: Zero Side Yard.
ZERO SIDE YARD
The building of a subdivision with each house built on a side boundary line. This gives more usable yard space on a narrow lot. An easement for maintenance is given over a portion of the lot adjoining each house.
ZONE
(1) An area of a county or city in which the use of the land is restricted by law (zoning ordinance). (2) An area designated by a number for the delivery of mail. Zip codes incorporate the zones.
ZONING
The division of a city or county by legislative regulations into areas (zones), specifying the uses allowable for the real property in these areas.
ZONING MAP
A map of a community showing the zones of permitted use under zoning ordinances.
ZONING ORDINANCE
A law (generally at the city or county level) controlling the use of land and construction of improvements in a given area (zone).
ZONING VARIANCE
See: Variance.
ZYGOCEPHALUM
In civil law an inaccurate measure of land. The area of land a yoke of oxen could plow in one day.
REDUCTION CERTIFICATE
A document signed by a lender stating the outstanding amount on a mortgage loan.
Determinable title
Title which is not absolute but possibly may be annulled or voided at a later date. For example: Title conveyed to A with condition that if A marries before age 30, title will go to B. A's title may be good (doesn't marry) or may be defeated (marries before 30).
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